Verbs

Verbs

1. 2. Finite and non-finite clauses: finite clauses can be main or subordinate while non-finite are always subordinate.

2. 4. Perfective and imperfective interpretiations

   • Perfective: an action that has already finished
   • Imperfective: an action that is incomplete or has not finished

3. 6. The perfect: a past tense that is formed with the auxiliary verb "have".

   • The present perfect: time adjunts and current relevance.
   • The preterite perfect: we use "had".
   • The perfect in clauses without primary tense: when we use "have" in it inflectional form.
   • The continuative perfect: this is not as common as non-continuative form. We can use this form when we are talking about an action that happened a certain period of time ago.

4. 8. Mood: it is related with the semantic dimension of modality and this has two contrast

   • Uses of the modal auxiliarities: they can be interpreted in three types of meaning.
     • Epistemic-knowledge Deontic-obligation Dynamic- properties or dspositions
   • Futurity, modality and will: future actions are formed by statements of facts.
   • The preterite forms of the modals: could, should, might and would
   • Irrealis were: an hypothetical event.

5. 3. Auxiliary verbs: we need these verbs to create many of the tenses.

   • Distinctive properties of auxiliary verbs: here we can change verb and subject positions to create an interrogative or negative form according to the case.
   • Modal auxiliaries: these can be found only in primary forms and they are not modified by the subject.
   • Dually clasified verbs: they belong to lexical and auxiliary classes (do, have, need, dare).
   • The general concept of auxiliary verb: we can distinguish lexical verbs from auxiliary with categories lilke tense, aspect, mood or voice.

6. 1. Verb inflection: the letters we add at the end of a base form verb to create a tense.

   • The verb paradigm: is the set of inflectional forms
     • Primary forms: preterite, 3rd singular present, plain present
     • Secondary forms: plain form, gerund-participle, past participle
   • Verb-forms and shape sharing
     • Between preterite and past participle: when a verb has the same form in preterite and past participle, we can identify which form is used in a sentence by a substitution test.
     • Between plain present and plain form: almost all verbs have the same form in present and plain form.

7. 7. Progressive aspect: It is formed by the auxiliary verb "be" and a gerund-participle.

8. 5. Primary tense: is the time where an action is happening, in English there are only two tenses.

   • The present tense
     • Present time
     • Future time I: the futurate
     • Future time II: subordinate clauses
     • Past time: historic present
   • The preterite
     • Backshift
     • Past time
     • Modal remoteness: the modal preterite

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