ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY

ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1. Electron Configuration

   • The way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom
   • Chromium 24 and Copper 29 are exceptions as electron promotes from 4s to 3d
     • Chromium 24 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 3d^5
     • Copper 29 1s^1 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 3d^10
   • Ions are formed by filling or removing electrons from the last sub-shell
   • Electrons taken from 4s sub-shell first of ions in transition elements

2. Trends in the Table

   • Metals
     • Lose electrons to form cations
   • Non-metals
     • Gain electrons to form anions
     • Share electrons
   • Metalloids
     • Lose electrons to form cations
     • Share electrons
   • Electronegativity increase across periods and up groups
   • Oxides
     • Acidic Oxides
       • React with hydroxide ions to form oxy-anions and water
       • If soluble, react with water to form oxy-acids
         • SiO2 not soluble
       • Non-metal oxides
     • Basic Oxides
       • React with acids to form positively charge metal cations and water
       • If soluble, react with water to form metal hydroxides
         • CuO and Fe2O3 not soluble
       • Metal Oxides
     • Amphoteric Oxides
       • Exhibit both acidic and basic nature
       • ZnO and Al2O3 are amphoteric oxides

3. Bonding

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