Chapter 3: Embryogenesis and Development Mind Map

Chapter 3: Embryogenesis and Development Mind Map

1. Early Developmental Stages

   • Fertilization
     • occurs in ampulla
     • sperm makes contact with oocyte and releases acrosomal enzymes
     • cortical reaction
     • diploid zygote forms
     • twins
       • monozygotic or identical
       • dizygotic or fraternal
   • Cleavage
     • mitotic cell divisions
     • indeterminate cleavage
     • determinate cleavage
   • blastulation
     • morula turns into a blastula (blastocyst)
     • blastula has two cell groups
       • inncer cell mass
         • develops into fetus
       • trophoblast
         • develops chorion and placenta
     • implantation
       • blastocyst implants into the endometrium
       • trophoblast gives rise to the choriion which plays a role in maternal-fetal gas exchange
       • umbilical cord
       • yolk sac
       • allantois
       • amnion
   • gastrulation
     • results in the formation fo three different germ layers
       • ectoderm
       • mesoderm
       • endoderm
     • gastrula forms with an archenteron
     • differentiation
       • selective transcritpion and induction
   • neuralation
     • mesoderm induces ectoderm to develop the nervous system
     • neural crest cells
   • problem in early development
     • teratogens

2. mechanisms of development

   • Cell specialization
     • determination: commitment for cell to a certain function in the future
       • morphogens
     • differentiation: changing of structure, function, and biochemistry
       • stem cells
         • totipotent
         • pluripotent
         • multipotent
   • cell-cell communication
     • four different kinds of signals
       • 1) paracrine
       • 2) autocrine
       • 3) juxtacrine
       • 4) endocrine
     • cells can induce other cells
   • Cell migration, cell death, regeneration
     • cells migration: cell need to be able to disconnect and migrate to correct location
     • cell death
       • apoptosis
       • necrosis
     • regeneration
       • complete
       • incomplete
   • senescence and aging
     • telomeres

3. Fetal circulation

   • placenta
     • nutrient, gas, waste exchange
     • immune protection
     • progesterone, estrogen, hCG
   • fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
   • umbilical vein: oxygenated blood
   • umbilical arteries: deoxygenated blood
   • three shunts
     • foramen ovale
     • ductus arteriosus
     • ductus venosus

4. gestation and birth

   • first trimester
     • fetus
     • development of major organs
   • second trimester
     • growth and momement
   • third trimester
     • growth, brain development, antibodies
   • birth
     • cervix thins, water breaking
     • uterine contraction
     • afterbirth