WATER FLUORIDATION

WATER FLUORIDATION

1. James Crichton Browne

   • HISTORY OF WATER FLUORIDATION
     • Linking brown stain to fluoride1902-1932
       • Linking brown staining to DMFT1993
         • Proving effectiveness of artificial waterF1945

2. FREDERICK MCKAY

   • Moves to Colorado and notices brown stains on teeth: COLORADO BROWN STAIN
     • Minute white flecks to yellow/brown spots
       • called this MOTTLED TEETH 1901
         • In 1909 Mckay enlists help of G.V BLACK
           • FINDINGS: mottled teeth were more rough than normal teeth
             • Not any more prone to caries than normal teeth
               • Something to do with water supply but they weren't sure 1916
                 • Then in a mining town of Oakley, Idahowere running out of water and sunk a deep well 1909
                   • Children born after then were subject to Colorado brown stain
                     • Reported by Dr Robertson 1928 - Mckay +Kemp to investigate
                       • Published results in 1930 still did not know what cause was
                         • Chief chemist of from ALCOA company (worried that people thought it was aluminium)
                           • Carried out tests on the water and found it was high Fluoride in water that caused stain

3. H.TRENDLEY DEAN

   • Showed that more than 1ppm fluoride in water caused mottling
     • Dr Ainsworth showed that optimum levels of F in water is 1ppm
       • after then not a significant drop in caries - more concerned with aesthetics
         • Mottling increases after 1ppm
           • They then realised that Fluoride has an effect on caries

4. ARTIFICIAL WATER FLUORIDATION

   • 1STplace to receive it was Grand Rapids USA - 1945
     • North/South Sheilds (WEAVER 1944) - kids in south had 50% less caries

5. WF reduces caries by 50-60% ( old data )

   • With the introduction of t/pastes in 1970's - now a 20% reduction

6. TIEL-CULEMBORG STUDY

   • water fluoride has great benefit on smooth surface

7. 10% of UK has WF

   • 50% of USA has WF
   • 80% of decay occurs in 20% of kids
     • ie if a kid has decay, they have loads!

8. REASONS FOR CEASING WF

   • POLITICAL - mass medication expensive?
     • Advantage would be everyone receives it-decrease social in equalities
       • UNETHICAL - people don't have a choice on receiving it
   • IS IT SAFE/ETHICAL/EFFECTIVE?
     • F is a naturally occurring substance ie Tea
       • 50% of ingested F is retained in calcified tissue
         • F can Poison in large quantities

9. FLUOROSIS

   • WHITE, OPAQUE, FLAT
     • acid abrasion can remove - superficial layer of Enamel where F lies

10. FLUORIDE POISONING!

    • If a child ingests more than 5mg per kg of child weight - get child to drink milk(Ca binds to F) take to hospital