METABOLISM

METABOLISM

1. FAT METABOLISM

   • role of bile salt in lipid absorption and digestion
     • emulsification of lipid aggregates
     • solubilization and transport of lipid in an aqueous environment
   • amount of ATP produced from palmitic acid
     • • 7 rounds of Beta Ovidation produce 14 ATP from FADH2 and 21 ATP from NADH
         • 8 acetyl CoA produced will enter Kreb Cycle. it will produce 72 ATP from NADH, 16 ATP from FADH2 and 8 ATP from GTP
           • TOTAL = 131 ATP - 2 ATP (used to activate FA) = 129 ATP
   • Fatty Acid synthesis VS Beta oxidation
     • NADPH as reducing agent (Fatty acid) NAD and FAD as oxidizing agents (Beta oxidation)
     • Fatty acid synthesis occur in cytoplasm while beta oxidation occur in mitochondria
     • Fatty acid synthesis require 49 ATP while Beta oxidation produce 33 ATP
   • TAG synthesis vs lipolysis
   • regulation of enzyme activities
     • Acetyl Co A Carboxylase
       • regulation of FA synthesis
       • catalyze acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
       • inhibited by hormone mediated phosphorylation
     • HMG Co A Reductase
       • inhibit by cholestrol
       • reduce HMG CoA to mevalonate
       • inhibit by Glucagon
     • Hormone Sensitive Lipase
       • Initiate the hydrolysis of Tri, di and monoglycerols to FA
       • triggered by various catecholamines
       • inhibit by insulin

2. PROTEIN METABOLISM

   • ubiquitination
   • ammonia intoxication in brain
     • Ammonia intoxifification occurs when bloodaonium rises
       • because the capacity to detoxify it by formation of glutamate and glutamine hasbeen exceed
     • concentration of ammonia increase, the reaction proceed by formation of glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate
       • as alpha ketogutarate decrease, rate of TCA cycle activity fall, less energy formed and it effect the ion transport across nerve sell membrane
   • phenylketouria
     • increases the level of phenylalanine
     • Learning disabilities, Behavioural problems, Epilepsy
   • factors affecting urea cycle
     • the concentration of free ammonia
     • liver malfunction
     • the presence of ATP
     • the presence of carbomyl phosphate synthethase 1

3. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

   • ATP synthesized from one molecule of glucose
     • ATP produced = 36 ATP
     • 2 ATP produced from Glycolysis
     • 2 ATP produced from the Kreb Cycle
     • 32 ATP from Electron Transport Chain
       • 4 ATP from NADH produced in Glycolysis
       • 24 ATP from NADH produced in Kreb Cycle
       • 4 ATP from FADH produced in Kreb cycle
   • inhibitors of enzymes
   • importance of hexomonophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)
     • Production of NADPH from NADP
       • Hahahah
       • Bababananms
     • Producing Ribose-5-phosphate
     • Producing glycolytic intermediate
   • G6PD deficiency
     • due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
       • causes haemolytic anemia
         • may cause death
   • importance of TCA
     • The final common pathway for oxidation of carbohydrates, lipid and protein because glucose, FA & most AA are metabolized to acetyl CoA or intermediates of the cycle.
       • Harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels
         • 1 acetate unit generates 12 molecules of ATP approx. per turn of cycle.
           • Provides intermediates for biosynthesis of various compounds
   • Glycolysis
     • Pyruvate
       • Acetyl CoA
         • TCA Cycle
           • ENZYME INHIBITORS (ENZYME)
             • NADH (1,2, and 3)
             • ATP (1, and 2)
             • Succinyl-CoA (1, and 3)
           • EXAMPLE OF ENZYMES
             • 1. Citrate Synthase
             • 2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
             • 3. ɑ-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
   • Pentose phosphate pathway or HMP Shunt
     • Oxidative Pathway
       • 2 NADPH
       • CO2
     • Non-oxidative pathway
       • Ribose-5-phosphate
       • Glycolytic intermediate
         • Fructose-6-phosphate
         • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
   • Glycogenesis
     • Liver & Muscle cell

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