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AS Unit 1 Biology: Content

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Lifestyle, Health and Risk
- Transport and Circulation
  - Water
    - Solvent
      - Molecule has an uneven charge, polar. Negative Oxygen, Positive Hydrogen
      - Ionic substances can dissolve easily
        Glucose (-OH)
        Salt
        Amino Acids (-COOHJ) (-NH2)
    - Hydrogen Bonds form between molecules
      - Cohesion (important in the xylem)
      - High Specific Heat Capacity. So temperature fluctuations can be managed and are small
        Sweating and transpiration cool the body down
  - A Mass Transport System, using diffusion. Big organisms have smaller SA/V. Need to overcome inefficiency: need MTS
    - Artery
    - Vein
    - Capillary
- Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate
  - Systole
    - Contraction of the muscle
  - Diastole
    - Relaxation of the muscle
  - Valves
    - Atrioventricular
    - Semi-lunar
  - Pressures within the heart cause valves to open and close. Elastic recoil lowers pressure in atria and ventricles
- CVD
  - Blood Clotting
    - As a vital defence mechanism, it minimises blood loss, prevents entry of pathogens, provide framework for repairs.
    - Can also block arteries: cell death
    - Damage to blood vessel
      - Exposes Collagen
        Platelets attach
        Platelets release thromboplastin
        Calcium and K catalyses thromboplastin to convert prothrombin to thrombin
        This converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
        This makes a network of fibres to trap RBC and debris to make a clot.
  - Atherosclerosis
    - Damage to endothelial Lining
      - Increased Risk of Blood Clotting
      - Inflammatory Response: White Blood Cells move to artery wall
        Cholesterol builds up: ATHEROMA
        Build up of Calcium salts and fibres: PLAQUE FORMATION
        Narrowing of artery
        Increased Blood Pressure
        POSITIVE feedback
  - Treatments
    - Reduced Lifestyle Changes
    - Anti-hypertensives
      - Duiretics
        increased urine volume lowers bp and vol.
      - Beta Blockers
        Block hormones= contractions less powerful
      - ACE inhibitors
        blocks angiotensin which causes arterial constriction
    - Aspirin/Clopidogrel
      - Platelet Inhibitory drug: makes less sticky
    - Anticoagulants
      - Warfarin: reduce blood clots
    - Statins
      - Lower Cholesterol by blocking liver enzyme
- Structure and function of Carbohydrates
  - Monosaccharides
    - Glucose
    - Galactose
    - Fructose
  - Disaccharides
    - Sucrose
    - Lactose
    - Maltose
  - Polysaccharides
    - INSOLUBLE
      - Unbranched
        Amylose
        In Plants
        In Starch
        Alpha Glucose- tight spirals
        1,4
      - Branched
        Amylopectin
        Lots of terminal ends, digested more rapidly than amylose
        In starch
        In Plants
        1,6
        Glycogen
        Animals, Bacteria Plants
        Storage
        Glucose
        Compact
  - Bonding
    - Glycosidic links
      - Forming: Condensation: Loss of 1 H20
      - Breaking: Hydrolysis: Addiction of 1 H20
      - Catalysed by enzymes
- Structure and Function of Lipids
  - Insoluble in water
  - Soluble in ethanol
  - Triglycerides
    - 3 fatty acids
    - Glycerol
      - CH2OH CHOH CH2OH
    - Ester Bonds
      - between fatty acids and Glycerol
    - Fatty Acids vary
      - Length
      - Kinks/Double bonds
      - combination of acids
    - Saturated Fats
      - Strong intermolecular bonds
      - Solid
      - Straight chain
    - Unsaturated Fats
      - Poly
        Weaker bonds
        Liquid
        many double bonds
      - Mono
        Weak bonds
        Liquid
- Reducing Risk
- Population studies on Risk Factors
  - Cohort studies
    - Large number of people followed over long periods of time
    - Monitored to see if diseases occurs
  - Case-Control Studies
    - Case compared to control
- Risk Factors for CVD
  - Genetic Factors
    - HBP
    - Poor Cholesterol Metabolism
  - Age
    - Elasticity/width in heart/arteries reduced
  - Smoking
  - High Blood Pressure
  - Lifestyle
    - Diet
      - Obesity
    - Exercise
  - Mutations in Genes relative to HDL:LDL production
  - Perceived Risk
  - Actual Risk
  - Gender
    - Oestrogen gives women protection from CVDs before menopause
  - Cholestrol
    - Lipoproteins
      - HDLs
        GOOD
        Formed from unsat fats
        Transport to Liver where broken down
        Reduces Cholestrol
      - LDLs
        BAD
        Formed from sat fats
        Bind to cell surfaces receptors, become saturated, cant break down Cholestrol
        Reduce activity
  - BMI= KG/M2
  - Antioxidants
    - Free Radicals: damage cells, need vitamin E/C to provide H to stabilise
    - Reducing agents
- Good Studies
  - Valid
  - Reliable
  - non-Bias/controlled
  - Large sample size
Genes and Health
- Structure and Role of DNA and RNA
  - Nucleotides
    - Phosphate
    - Organic Base
    - Sugar
      - Deoxy: DNA, Ribose:RNA
  - Condensation reactions
  - RNA
    - Triplets=Amino
  - DNA
    - Double Helix, complementary Base pairing
    - Purines
      - Adenine
      - Guanine
    - Pyrimidines
      - Thymine
      - Cytosine
- DNA replication and Protein synthesis
  - DNA carries codes for Proteins
    - Semi-Conservative theory
      - Dispersive/Fragmentory
      - Conservative
    - 1. Hydrogen Bonds split
      - 2. DNA nucleotides pair up with bases. DNA Polymerase links adjacent nucleotides
        3.Two identical daughter Strands created
  - DNA Copied
    - mRNA made in Transcription
      - 1. DNA unwinds. Hydrogen bonds break.
        One strand used (antisense)
        2. Uracil pairs with Adenine. Ribonucleotides pair up complementory
        3. RNA Polymerase used
    - Then Translation...
      - mRNA to protein
        On Ribosome
        Transfer RNA translates base sequence
        Brings Amino Acid to bind
        Makes polypeptide
- Genes, Mutation and CF
  - Change in the base sequence of DNA
    - Causing deformities within the protein being created
      - Active sites etc.
  - CF
    - CFTR Protein
      - Excess water:
        Na+ pumped across BASAL MEMBRANE
        Na+ diffuses through sodium channels
        Cl- follows down con gradient
        Water drawn out by osmosis due to high salt content in tissue fluid
      - Not there, doesn't work.
  - Effects of CF
    - Gas Exchange
      - In Lungs, Mucus: More infection, harbour pathogens.
      - Block bronchioles/ reduces aveoli effectiveness
    - Digestion
      - Mucus blocks Pancreatic Duct: Digestive enzymes cant react small intestine. Tiredness, difficult gaining weight
      - Damage insulin cells by fibrosed cysts, diabetes
    - Reproduction
      - Sperm cant leave/ Mucus blocks cervix
- Genetic Inheritance
  - Homozygous (same alleles)
  - Phenotypes
  - Genotypes
  - Heterozygous
  - Dominance
  - Recessive
- Gene Therapy and Genetic Screening
  - Somatic Therapy
    - Use a Vector: Liposome
    - allele inserted into cell
  - Germ-Line
  - Amniocentesis
  - CVS Sampling
  - Ethics
    - Rights
    - Risk of Miscarriage
    - Abortion
    - Costs
    - Mental and emotional issues
- Cell Membranes
  - Phospholipid Bilayer
    - Hydrophobic tails inside the bilayer
    - Phosphate, Glycerol, 2 fatty acids
  - Proteins
    - Channels
  - Glycolipids/proteins
  - Fluid Mosaic Model
    - Phospholipids are triglycerides: Polar: Hydrophilic phosphate heads on the outside
      - Polar molecules cannot easily pass through: lipid soluble can.
  - Cholestrol
- Enzyme Action and Rates of Reaction
  - Enzymes: Catalysts
    - Globular
    - Lock and Key theory
    - Active Sites
    - Activation Energy
    - Lowers Ea
      - Creating suitable Ph
      - assisting in breaking/making bonds as charged groups in active site interact and distort shape of substrate
- Structure of Amino Acids and Proteins
  - Carboxylic Group
  - Amine Group
  - Hydrogen and a Residual Group
  - 4 Levels of Structures
    - Primary
      - Dipeptide
        Peptide bonds
        Condensation reactions
      - Polypeptide
    - Secondary
      - Alpha Helix
      - Beta Pleated
      - The hydrogen bonding between amino acids
    - Tertiary
      - 3D shape
        Hydrophobic interactions
        Hydrophilic outside of protein
        disulphide bridges
        Hydrogen bonds
        Ionic bonds between R groups
        Covalent bonds
    - Quaternary
      - 2 or more polypeptide chains joining together: haemoglobin
  - Globular
    - enzymes
    - Complicated tertiary
  - Fibrous
    - collagen/keratin
    - little tertiary
- Transport across Cell Membranes
  - Diffusion
  - Osmosis
  - Facilitated Diffusion- protein channel
  - Active Transport- ATP
    - Carrier Proteins, up concentration gradient
  - Exo and Endocytosis
- Gas Exchange surfaces
  - large area
  - thinner diffusion distance
  - Concentration gradient
Core Practicals
- Daphnia
- Vitamin C
  - DCPIP- goes colourless when reduced (gaining e-)
    - 1. Calibrate (known volume of conc. of Vit C)
      - Add unknown solution, until colourless
        Errors:
        Systematic
        Burette/pipette error in volume
        Not measured at right place (meniscus)
        Random
        end point misjudged, drops may be too much/too little
- Beetroot
  - Cut equal sizes
    - Rinse. Place in equal volumes of water (range of temperatures. Equal Time
      - Remove, shake to disperse pigment
        Colourimeter

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Descripción: Biology AS Unit 1 MindMap: A summary of key points and biological principles
Creado por: zoerswann
Visitas: 192
Etiquetas: biology as unit 1 genes and health lifestyle health and risk core practicals summary a level edexcel snab
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AS Unit 1 Biology: Content

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