Chemistry

Chemistry

1. Matter

   • anything that occupies space with mass
   • Atomic # --# of protons in nucleus
     • # portons=# of electrons
       • Mass #-# protons and neutrons
         • Isotopes Atoms that have the same # of protons and a different # of neutrons
           • Isoptopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties
   • Oxygen
     • 3 Isotopes
       • 8 protons 8 electrons 10 neutrons

2. Atom

   • Smallest particle of element
     • Proton, neutron, electron
   • Components
     • Protons in nucleus--+charge
       • Neutrons in nucleus- no charge
         • Electrons- outside nucleus -charge
       • 8 electons in outer shell
         • Electrons in outer shell are called valence electrons

3. Element

   • Cannot be broken down
   • Catiion--1 2 or 3 electons in outer shell give them up and end up +
     • Anions--1 or 2 electons to be complete. end up -
       • Ions opposite charged are attracted to each other

4. Or

   • Compound
     • 2 or more elements together

5. All atoms have a electron, neutron and Proton except--HYDROGEN

6. Bonding

   • Outermost shell determines properties
     • Noble Gas- full outer shell--helium, neon, argon
   • Ionic Bonding
     • transfer of electrons
     • Sodium-combines w/chlorine the sodium atom loses or donates an electron and the chloine gains or accepts the electron
   • Covalent Bonding
     • Share electrons
     • occurs when 2 atoms share valence electrons

7. Dative bonding

   • one atom shares 2 valence electrons w/another atom

8. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons that are shared

   • Exist only between atoms of same element