perspectives on learning

perspectives on learning

1. behaviourist perspective

   • classical condition
     • pairing ns and ucs
     • pavlov experiment on dog
       • in the experiment the bell is the ns and food is ucs
     • key term
       • ns:neutral stimula, it doesn't cause stimula before pairing with ucs
       • cs:conditional stimula, it cause cr
       • ucs:unconditional stimula, it is ns after pairing
       • cr: condition respond, it's respond of cs
       • ucr: unconditional respond, it's respond of ucs
   • operative condition
     • learning though consequence
     • key term
       • reinforcement
         • Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
         • positive reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen i.e. food for Ratatouille
         • negative reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they stop
       • punishment : Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are unpleasant when happen
     • skinner's box
     • program learning

2. humanistic perspective

   • theory
     • focus on individual
     • emphasized people's freedom to choose
     • learning process is more important than result
   • application on education
     • cooperative learning
       • student group together to complete a certain task
       • advantages
         • advances the coorperation among students
         • reward depends on contribution
       • disadvantages
         • waste time talking about non-relavant
         • some members dominate
     • learning circles
       • students grouped and learn from each other
       • accountable for their own grade
     • open classroom
       • mutiple project/teaching method at same time
       • large group in one large area
       • students have freedom to choose what to learn

3. cognitive perspective

   • is concerned with how we process, store, and retrieve information
   • piaget's theory
     • Assimilation- process of fitting new information and experiences into an existing schema (dogs)
     • Accommodation- process of altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information and experiences (cats)
     • four stages
   • discovery learning

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