Chapter 3 International Infrastructure

Chapter 3 International Infrastructure

1. Port infrastructure

   • Ships
     • Panamax ship
       • Ship of maximum size that can enter the locks of the Panama Canal. (1980-x) 3000-3400 TEU Panamax Max (1985-x)3400-4500 TEU
     • Post-Panamax Ships
       • A ship whose size is too large to enter te locks of the Panama Canal. 175 containerships +10000 TEU´s (3.5% total containerships). ->Asia to Western Europe   Post Panamax (1988-x) 4000-5000 TEU Post Panamax Plus (2000-x) 6000-8000 TEU New Panamax (2014-x) 12500 TEU Post New Panamax (2006-x) 15000 TEUS Triple E (2014-x) 18000 TEU
   • Depth of Water
     • 13.5 m (40 ft)
   • Bridge Clearance
     • Air Draft
       • The minumum amount of space between water and the lowest point on a bridge.
   • Cranes
   • Port Operations
     • ->Schedule (The best is 24/7)
   • Warehousing Space
     • Storage area that protect them from rain and sun, floods, etc. Even refrigerated containers (power supply)
   • Connections with Land-Based Transportation Services
     • Rail
     • Road
   • Port capacity

2. Canals and Waterways Infrastructure

   • Panama Canal
     • -> Cost: 375x10^6 USD -> 5% of Worldwide Cargo trabsuts. ->Slow (maximum capacity) 22h to enter the Canal. ->New Canal: 12600 TEU ships
   • Bosporus Strait (Turkey)
     • -Black Sea-Mediterranean Sea -Russia merchandise (to the rest of the world).
   • The Suez Canal
     • Cuts Sinai Desert (not to travel around Africa)
   • Saint Lawrence Seaway
     • Great Lakes-St Lawrence River and Atlantic Ocean. Plaged by ice, closes from January to March.
   • Corinth Canal
     • Two parts of Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea.

3. Airport Infrastructure

   • Runways (pistas)
     • -Type of aircraft. -Length-> Support direct flights to faraway  places. -Number of runways -> Capacity of the airport.
   • Hours of operation
     • Near cities: Cargo at night. Away cities: 24h.
   • Warehousing space
     • -Packaging  -Refrigerated warehouse space.

4. Rail Infrastructure

   • Most important long-distanceland transportation.  -> Incompatible rails one country to another. -China invest a lot on railroads. -India more in roads than rail ones.
   • Multi-Modal Emphasis
     • Boxcars-> Just for trains. Piggy-back trailers->Multi-Modal (truck trailers). Double-stacked: double than single-stack because is one over the other.
   • Land bridges

5. Road Infrastructure

   • -Traffic. -Quality (Pave or not). -Signage
   • Paved roads
     • Argentina->30% USA->67% Switzerland and Germany->100%
   • Civil Engineering Structures
     • -> Bridges and tunnels for mountainous countries.

6. Warehousing Infrastructure

7. Communication Infrastructure

   • Mail services
     • -Deliver mail on time and reliably. -Safety of the mail. -Cost
   • Telecommunication services
     • +Cellular phones -Traditional line phones
   • Internet Access
     • 8.6% of WW population has access to the internet.

8. Utilities Infrastructure

   • Electricity Water Sewage Gas Not directly an issue for transportation, but if it is considering operating a warehouse/corporate office.
   • Electricity
   • Water and sewer
     • -85% of rural world population has reasonable access to clean water.  -95% of urban world population has reasonable access to clean water.  -60% of world population has acces to adequate sanitation (drenaje).
   • Energy Pipelines
     • Gas

9. Services Infrastructure

   • Banking Infrastructure
     • -Transfer funds. -Obtain foreign currency -Move documents (domestic and international) -Process consumer payments efficiently
   • Logistics Support Infrastructure
     • -Freight forwarders (agentes aduanales). -Couriers -Carriers -Delivery services -Packing services -Order fulfillment centers -Other

10. Legal and Regulatory Infrastructure

    • Court Infrastructure
      • -Settle disputes quickly and fairly (court system, mediators and arbitrators, competent lawyers, clear jurisprudence)
    • Intellectual property Infrastructure
      • CopyRights
      • Patents
      • Trademarks

11. Standars Infrastructure

    • Determine the requirements that their products and operations must meet in order to be succesfull in a particular market. (metric system, etc.)

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