Enzymes SAC Mindmap

Enzymes SAC Mindmap

1. Experimental Methods of Study of Enzyme Action

   • Rate
     • Quantity over time (divided by)
   • Displacement
     • Something gets replaced
   • Does the reaction naturally occur?
     • Yes but at a such a slow rate that nothing occurs
   • Independent
     • Usually stems for the factors that affect enzyme rate even if not explicitly stated
       • pH
       • Temperature
       • Enzyme or substrate concnetration
       • Inhibition
       • Volume of container

2. Analysing, Interpreting and Evaluating the Results and Procedures of the Practical Investigation

   • experimental design
     • hypotheisis
       • cause and effect
         • Independent and dependent variables
     • variables
       • Indpendent
         • Include a range
           • See overall trend of the relationship
           • Show variation
       • Dependent
       • Controlled
         • Constant
           • Fair test as only one variable is affecting the outcome
         • Specifically state what is controlled
           • Temperature of enzyme or of substrate?
     • Method
       • Use an annotated diagram to quickly demonstrate the process
       • Repetitions
         • Minimal 10
         • Fair test - Rule out any errors and affirm that a trend occurs
     • Results
       • Qualitative
         • Support quantitative data
           • Verify that any mistakes were due to error and method was done properly
       • Quantitative
         • More accurate
         • Precision
     • Control Group
       • Comparison point for ---
         • Confirms that independent conducted the change
       • Multiple Control groups
         • If points needed for comparison

3. Terms, concepts and Relationships

   • Enzyme Catalysed Reactions
     • Roles
       • Increase the rate of the reactions
         • Decrease the activation energy required to reach the transition state
           • A.K.A the state in which the reaction begins
             • weakening of bonds
               • How does it do this?
                 • Brings bonds closer together?
       • Able to be reused over and over again until worn out
         • Thus able to be used in small amounts
       • Can occur in both directions of the reaction. Catabolic and anabolic
         • Needs different enzymes to do so though
     • Mode of Action
       • Induced Fit
         • Enzyme Substrate Complex
           • not exact fit. Shows enzymes flexibility, conform=complementry shape
             • when disassociated=returns to original shape
       • Lock & KEy
         • Enzymes Substrate Complex
           • requires an exact fit
     • Inhibition
       • Rational Drug Design
       • TYPE
         • COMPETITIVE
           • Directly binds with the active site.
             • Blocks the substrate from interacting with the enzyme
           • If reversible
             • higher concentrations of substrate can dislodge it
           • If not reversible
             • accumulation can occur
         • NON-COMPETITIVE
           • Does not bind to the active site but to another part of the enzyme. However slightly changes the shape of the enzyme and active site
           • Can not be removed
             • permanent or cant be removed by substrate
     • Location
       • Intracellular
       • Extracellular
     • Factors affecting enzyme rate
       • Natural
         • COFACTORS and COENZYMES
           • can help produce a better fit of the enzyme-substrate complex
           • Coenzymes = Vitamins
       • Increased Concentration of Substrates
         • Saturated
           • All active sites are occupied
       • Temperature
         • Affect collision rate of enzymes with substrates
           • Optimal Temperature
             • Highest enzyme activity
               • Too much below
                 • Inactive
                   • Snow movement, not as much or no collisions
               • Too much above
                 • Denatured
                   • Heat affects tertiary structure of enzyme and unfolds
       • pH
         • Affect attraction of active site and therefore binding
           • Hydrogen ions
             • Extreme High
               • Denature
             • Extreme Low
             • Optimal pH
               • Highest enzyme activity
               • Varies per enzyme