Writing acquisition

Writing acquisition

1. B.M. KROLL

   • Stage 1 Preparation (until age 5-6)
     • Children learn basic skills of handwriting and spelling in this order. E.g drawing and sign writing, writing capital letters, forming words then sentences etc.
   • Stage 2 Consolidation (aged 6-8 years)
     • Writing catches up with speech. the child will write in a colloquial context-bound style. their writing will also be longer in the first phase.
   • Stage 3 differentiation (age 9-10 years)
     • Children learn to distinguish between speech and writing - that writing may change depending on a specific purpose and audience.
   • Stage 4 Integration (11 years)
     • Children begin to develop own personal style

2. BARCLAY (1996)

   • Stage 1: Scribbling
     • This includes random marks on the page, which arent related to letters or words. they are learning how to keep hold of a pencil or crayon which will prepare them for writing.
   • Stage 2: Mock Handwriting
     • Children practice drawing shapes on paper slthough its still not possible to see what the drawing actually represents. Letter like forms begin to appear.
   • Stage 3: Mock letters
     • Children produce random letters but no awareness of spacing or matching sounds to symbols.
   • Stage 4: Conventional Letters
     • children start matching sounds with symbols - writing down letters that match the sounds being heard or spoken. Words are not usually spaced out and children start using consonants to represent words.
   • Stage 5: Invented Spelling
     • Most spelling is phonetic, though some simple and familiar words are spelled correctly.
   • Stage 6: Appropriate Spelling
     • Sentences become more complex as the child becomes more aware of standard spelling patterns. Writing becomes more legible.
   • Stage 7: Correct Spelling
     • Most words are spelt correctly

3. J.R.GENTRY

   • Pre-communicative Stage
     • The child realises that symbols can be used to create a message and have meanings. They may however invent symbols.
   • Semi - phonetic stage
     • The child begins to realise that letters 'have' sounds. In writing, they may have abbreviate words and use pictures for words they dont know,
   • Phonetic stage
     • The child spells thrugh sound symbol correspondence. they may not be aware that some that some strings of letters aren't acceptable in English.
   • Transitional stage
     • The child uses the basic conventions of the English language system. They start to become aware pf the patterns in language spelling that extends further than using phonetic spellings.
   • 'Correct' Stage
     • children understand the basic spelling patterns and knows something about word structures using visual strategies to spell. they have a large automatic spelling vocabulary and can distinguish between homonyms and homophones. they also have control over 'loaded language (language that detects emotions and latinate lexis

4. Spelling errors

   • Insertion - Adding extra letters
   • Omission - leaving out letters
   • Substitution - substituting one letter for another
   • Transposition - reversing the correct order of letters in words
   • Phonetic spelling - using sound awareness to guess letters and combinations
   • Over/ under generalising of spelling rules - using a rule where it is not appropriate to apply it, or under generalising it by only applying it in one specific context
   • Salient sounds - writing only the key sounds

5. Graphology

   • Ascenders - go up from the line e.g 'b' and 'd'
   • directionality - learning that we write in horizontal lines
   • orientation of letters
   • Lower case and upper case letters

6. Story grammar according to Stein and Glenn (1979)

   • Setting - introduction of main characters as well as the setting of the story
   • Initiating event - an action happening that sets up the problem/dilemma
   • Internal response - the protagonists reactions to the initiating event.
   • Attempt - action or plan for the protagonist to solve the problem
   • Consequence - the result of the protagonists actions.
   • Reaction - A response by the protagonist to the consequence

7. Types of Writing

   • Rothery
     • 1. Observational/comment
     • 2. Recount - chronological sequence of events
     • 3. report - Factual non chronological
     • 4. Narrative - orientation
   • Britton
     • 1. Expressive
     • 2. Poetic - crafted, shaped, rhythm, alliteration
     • 3. Transactional - disassociates from speech
   • Perera
     • 1. Chronological
     • 2. non - chronological