Speciation

Speciation

1. Mechanisms of evolution

   • Genetic variation
     • Mutations
       • New alleles
     • Sexual reproduction
       • Independent assortment
       • Crossing over
       • Segregation
   • Genetic drift
     • Bottleneck effect
     • Founders effect
   • Gene flow
     • Small vs large populations
   • Natural selection
     • Genetic variation
   • Selection pressures
     • Stabilising selection
     • Directional selection
     • Disruptive selection

2. The Origin of species

   • Define Biological species
   • Stages in species development
     • reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIM'S)
       • Gene flow reduced
       • Geographical isolation
         • Common casues
         • Effect on gene flow
       • Behavioural isolation
       • Ecological isolation
       • Temporal isolation
       • mechanical isolation
       • Gametic isolation
       • Polyploidy
         • How it leads to speciation
         • How is this advantageous
           • Hybrids
     • Variation
     • Natural selection
     • Mutation
   • New Zealand geographical past
     • Effect on speciation
   • Types of speciation
     • Allopatric speciation
       • Explain significance of... in allowing allopatric speciation to occur
         • Migration
         • Geographical isolation
         • Ecological isolation
     • Sympatric speciation
     • Compare and contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation
       • How this effects the evolution of plants and animals

3. Patterns of Evolution

   • Define
     • Adaptive radiation
       • Supported by DNA and fossil evidence
     • Divergent evolution
       • How the presence of a homologous structure can support this
     • Convergent evolution
       • May cause analogous structures to arise
     • Co-evolution
       • Examples
         • Flowering plants and pollinators
         • Parasites and their hosts
         • Predators and their prey
         • Grazing herbivores and grassland species
   • Biogeoraphy
     • How it allows adaptive radiation o occur
     • How it brings about divergent evolution from a common ancestor

4. Types of scientific evidence

   • Describe
     • Fossil evidecne
     • Comparative anatomy
       • Analogous
       • Homologous
     • Molecular biology
       • Proteins
       • DNA analysis
   • Link to a pattern of evolution

5. Rate of evolutionary change

   • Pace of evolutionary change
     • Punctuated equilibrium
     • Gradualism