Booklet 2 - Human Evolution

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TYPES OF TOOLS

Cultural Period: Lower Palaeolithic

Name of Tool Culture: Oldowan

Features of the Tools: Simple river-worn that were crudely fashioned with only a few flakes being removed. They produced a core with cutting edge.

What the tools may have been used for: Simple chopper tools for cutting e.g. chopper - probably to cut into wood or dismember a carcass.

How where the tools made: Hard Hammer Precussion - flakes knowed from several angle. Made of stone.

Associated Hominin Species: Homo habilis

Cultural Period: Lower Palaeolithic

Name of Tool Culture: Acheulian/Acheulean

Features of the Tools: Tear drop in shape and were carefully crafted with a slight bulge on each broad surface (bi-face)

What the tools may have been used for: Hand axes- may have been used as a pick-like tool to expose roots, or cleavers, 200mm, pear-shaped.

How were the tools made: Hard Hammer Percussion; Made of stone.

Associated Hominins Species: Homo erectus (and Archaic Homo sapiens)

Cultural Period: Middle Palaeolithic

Name of Tool Culture: Mousterian

Features of the Tools: Tools that were more refined. Flint became a more popular material due to the predictable way in which it would chip when struck.

What the tools may have been used for: Blades, Chisels, Points and scrapper. Flint flaked from core.

How were the tools made: Levallois tool making method- preparing a core, then striking off a large oval flake which was then retouched on one surface only.

Associated Hominin Species: Neanderthals

Cultural Period: Upper Palaolithic

Name o Tool Culture: Upper Palaeolithic

Features of the Tools: Diverse and much more sophisticated - many other materials were sued and materials were often combined to make composite tools. Tools were manufactured with the purpose of making other tools.

What the tools may have been used for: harpoon, fish hook, bone pin, throwing stick.

How were the tools made: Punch blade technique - long thin flakes are removed and chaped into a large number of different tools. Other materials used were bone, ivory and antler.

Associated Hominin Species: Homo sapiens

Cutltural Period: Mesolithic

Name of Tool Culture: Microliths

Features of the Tools: Small (1-3 cm long) stone flakes

What the tools may have been used for: To produce longer cutting edges. Fishingnd foraging for wild grains

How were the tools made: Set in wood using resin or pitch.

Associated Hominin Species: Homo sapiens

Cultural Period: Neolithic

Name of Tools Culture: (diverse)

Features of the Tools: Began the end of the dominance of stone in tool manufacturing and the start of metals used to make tools.

What the tools may have been used for: Development of agriculture. Towns, specialisation, defence, breeding, wealth, leisure, increasing population.

How were the tools made: N/A

Associated Hominin Species: Homo Sapiens

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Explain why earlier tools, such as the Oldowan tools, were unable to make tools that were as sophicated as those produced later on in time

Because of their lower intellengence and development of the brain. They were not able to visualise a tool or solution and then make it.

Art & Spirituality

(1) Burial

Stone pillow

Animal bones, red ochre and horns buried with the body

Position and orientation of the body (east to west) with legs pulled up as if sleeping

Flowers

Stone tools

Shallow grave (due to tools)

(2) A bone flute suggesting an appreciation of music and a necklace suggesting an appreciation of artistic objects

(3) An attempt to invoke the spirits of these animals to ensure successful hunting, or may have served some sort of instructional purpose.

(4) To increase fertility in their woman - they accentuate the female characteristic (large breasts, larger buttocks, and Pregnant? Belly.

Complex Behaviours

Enhancing the natural protection of rock shelter

Caring for the elderly (so they can pass on skills)

Toolmaking using bone and anthler

Toolmiaking using flint

Making clothes from animal skins

Prolonged infact dependency