English CSET II

English CSET Subtest II

• Language Acquisition The ability to understand and acquire language. Theories: Behaviorism (Skinner): Language is learned through imitation, and reinforcement. Innatism (Chomsky) Universal Grammar: Humans are genetically endowed with the ability to learn language. Vygotsky & Krashen (Social Interaction): Environment (Family, school, friends) are crucial to language development.
• Stages of Language Development: Pre-production (Silent Period) ----> Early Production -----> Speech Emergence -----> Intermediate ------> Advanced
• Second Language Acquisition: The influence the primary language has on student being to acquire new language. Linguistic Behavior:
• Transfer: speaker uses their second language that is appropriate for the first language. Ex: animal in Spanish is similiar to animal in English
• Negative Transfer: Uses primary language in a negative aspect of new language. Ex: Spanish emberasada means pregnant, but it sounds a lot like emberassed.
• Hypercorrection: Trying to overcorrect, but not using a specific word. Ex: Me and I
• Borrowing: (Code-Switching) Spanglish
• Code meshing: Different Dialects in English (British/Carribean
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Grammar Structure

• Sentence Construction: Independent clauses with a coordinator or Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) Ex: Our team scored ten goals, yet we lost the match.
• Subordinating Conjuntions: Combine simple sentences with a subordinator (Word that joins clauses) to create a complex sentence with a dependent clause. Ex: Although our team scored ten goals, we still lost the match. Although shows a cause or effect to clause. Words include: after, although, because, before since, whenever.
• Clausal Modifiers: acts like an adverb or adjective that add detail to a sentence. Ex: The Ballerina left the stage before the performance ended. Adds to what the ballerina did.
• Adverb Clause: A phrase that begins with a Subordinating Conjunction and modifies the adj,verb or adverb.
• Ex: The player left the field before the game ended. Before adds detail to the verb.
• Adjective Clause: A clause that modifies the noun, pronoun or other adjective. Ex: Ray, who sang yesterday, got a part in a play.
• Appositional Phrase: Identifies the noun and adds detail. Ex: Kobe my favorite basketball player, was voted MVP.
• Changes in linguistics over time have trended to non-gender nouns. Ex: Fireman = Firefighter
• Fossilization: Constant use of incorrect language ex: I goed to the store.
• Phonemic Awareness: Hear, identify & manipulate sounds. Ex: "k-a-t" Grapheme: smallest unit of writing ex: "sh" "ch"
• Language Register: Changing language to audience ex: job interview