Photosynthesis - created from Mind Map

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Light Independent reactions take place in the storma

Make sugar from carbon dioxide and the energy containing products (NADPH +ATP)

Carbon fixation

Calvin cycle

Synthesis of carbohydrates

Adaptions of the Stroma

Thylakoid membrane - large surface area ( Increased surface area for absorption of light by PHOTOSYSTEM 1+2)

Stroma- systole like fluid jam packed with enzymes ( Allows for concentration of enzymes)

Thylakoid space -small space with thylakoid ( small space allows for accumulation of protons to create a concentration gradient)

Inputs - The light independent

Co2

NADPH ( reduced NADP)- IS A LOSS OF ELECTRONS OR HYDROGEN- Produced by the light dependent reactions

ATP- Produced in the light dependent reactions

Outputs

ADP +Pi

Glucose Phosphate (6C)

NADP+

Uses of the Glucose Phosphate produced (6C)

Cell Respiration

Growth (used as cellulose)- which is stored as starch

Part 1 -Carbon fixation

3 Carbon molecules of CO2 is fixed with 3 molecules of (5 Carbon molecule) RuBP

The 6 Carbon compound (very unstable) produced immediatley splits into 2* Glycerate-3-Phosphate (G3P)

Part 2 -Reduction of 6 Glycerate-3- Phosphate (2*G3P)

The 2 G3P are reduced by adding Hydrogen from 2 NADPH using the energy form breakdown of 2ATP into 2 ADP + 2 Pi

This creates 2 molecules of trios phosphate

5 more CO2 molecules enter the reaction producing 10 Triose Phosphate

12 TP produced by 6CO2 ( 6 TURNS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE)

Note = the ATP and the NADPH from the Light Dependent

Part 3 - Regeneration

The Triose Phosphate(TP) is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates

The RuBP is reformed using ATP

2 TP produce one 6 carbon glucose phosphate molecule, which combines with glucose phosphate to form starch

10 TP (3C) to regenerate 6 RuBP (5C)

5 of these triose (3C) sugars are used to reform 3 RuBP (5C) molecules using 3 ATP molecules The one remaining triose phosphate forms half a glucose phosphate

Basically, 6 G3P produced , 1 becomes glucose and the other 5 G3P continue in the cycle to help the regeneration process

Light dependent reactions in thylakoid membrane

Light energy is converted into chemical energy ( reduced ATP and NADPH)

Reduced NADP and ATP are produced

Which are used in the light independent reaction

The products of the Light dependent reactions power the light independent to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar

Light causes photo activation- excitation of electrons

This generates/reduces ATP and NADPH

The flow of electrons (excited by photons) causes protons to be pump across the thylakoid membrane

ATP is formed when protons pass back across the membrane

Absorption of light by the photosystems excites electrons