Retailing and other services

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Retailing

'places where products are sold directly to consumers - shops and markets'

Convenience goods- cheaper goods that are purchased on a regular basis which we tend to buy locally

Comparison goods- more expensive goods, purchased less frequently that we are prepared to travel further for

Sphere of influence- the area served by a shop or service and indicated by the maximum distance people will travel to use the shop or service

Threshold population- the minimum number of customers needed by a shop to make a good profit

Causes to the changes of retailing

shopping is now a day activity with restaurants, creches etc

people don't have time so do large weekly shops - decline of corner shops

technology improvements

improvements in roads and access

increased car ownership

car parking in city centres is conjested and expensive

Timeline of retailing changes

1950's local needs were met at corner shops and higher value goods in the town center

1970's supermarkets and superstores were built in residential areas and towns, non food and food products are sold at the same till

1980's non-food retailing parks expanded, housing shops like B&Q and MFI were built on the outskirts of cities for easy road access

1990's huge out of town shopping centres close to motorways

2000's e-commerce and e-tailers are growing online shopping centres

more traditional farmers markets are growing as people want healthy food with less food miles

De-industrialisaiton

affects city centers and the rural urban fringe

City Centres

Positive- local councils and governments sometimes incest money to improve the city centre to attract customers renovating shopping malls and organising events

congestion and pollution may decrease as fewer people drive to the city center to shop

Negative

out of town shopping centres compete with city centres, fewer people go to city centre causing shops to close so people lose their jobs

A decline in business and retail can cause a general decline in the area

Rural Urban Fringe

Positive- create jobs for people living in the suburbs built on brownfield sites that would otherwise be left empty

houses that have easy access may increase in value

Negative- provides short term construction jobs that create noise pollution

congestion and air pollution as people drive to access

the CBD is accessible from all parts of the urban area and has the highest land values in a city, these occur at the peak land value intersection

Factors influencing CBD Decline

companies find peripheral locations that are cheaper

rise in car ownership leads to increased personal mobility and rise in leisure shopping

cost of development and upkeep is high

congestion means accessibility is reduced

city centers are perceived as dirty and unsafe

Reversing the decline

improved public transport links

provision of more attractive shopping environment

management teams for CBD's

construction of all weather shopping centers

extensive CCTV and reduced crime

conservation schemes

Retailing

De-industrialisation