Test
Viruses
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Preguntas del test (34)
1Viruses are [blank_start]acellular[blank_end], infectious agents and are [blank_start]obligate[blank_end] [blank_start]intracellular[blank_end] [blank_start]parasites[blank_end] meaning they are dependent upon host ribosomes, enzymes and metabolites.
- Aacellular
- Bobligate
- Cintracellular
- Dparasites
2Viruses exist in an [blank_start]active[blank_end] intracellular phase and a [blank_start]dormant[blank_end] extracellular phase.
- Aactive
- Bdormant
3A virion is a virus particle that contains DNA or RNA in a [blank_start]protein[blank_end] [blank_start]coat[blank_end].
- Aprotein
- Bcoat
4Viral differences from living cells:
1. [blank_start]acellular[blank_end] organization
2. DNA or RNA nucleic acids ([blank_start]not[blank_end] [blank_start]both[blank_end])
3. Host cell [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] for viral [blank_start]replication[blank_end] and [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end]- Aacellular
- Bnot
- Cboth
- Ddependent
- Ereplication
- Fproliferation
5Viruses can be seen with a light microscope.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
6A virus will have a [blank_start]nucleocapsid[blank_end] to protect the genome and some with also have an [blank_start]envelope[blank_end] that is an external covering similar to plasma membrane.
- Anucleocapsid
- Benvelope
7Nucleocapsids in complex viral structures are made of repeating [blank_start]capsomeres[blank_end] which are made from 5 to 6 [blank_start]protomers[blank_end].
- Acapsomeres
- Bprotomers
8A [blank_start]viral[blank_end] [blank_start]envelope[blank_end] is an envelope that is derived from the host cell membrane during release of the virus.
- Aviral
- Benvelope
9Spikes aka [blank_start]peplomers[blank_end] are used for [blank_start]adherence[blank_end] or [blank_start]enzymatic[blank_end] ativities. There are [blank_start]molecular[blank_end] differences in spikes which can help classify types of viruses.
- Apeplomers
- Badherence
- Cenzymatic
- Dmolecular
10The two types of spikes are:
[blank_start]Hemagglutinase[blank_end] which is for [blank_start]adherence[blank_end]
[blank_start]Neuraminidase[blank_end] which is a [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end] spike used for releasing of a virion.- AHemagglutinase
- Badherence
- CNeuraminidase
- Dcleavage
11A viral envelope is not and differs from a plasma membrane because an envelope does not have [blank_start]function[blank_end] and does not allow [blank_start]transport[blank_end] of substances.
- Afunction
- Btransport
12The two structural types of viruses are [blank_start]helical[blank_end] and [blank_start]polyhedral[blank_end] which has the subtype [blank_start]icosahedral[blank_end]. There is a third structural type called [blank_start]complex[blank_end] viruses that are atypical.
- Ahelical
- Bpolyhedral
- Cicosahedral
- Dcomplex
13Two examples of atypical viruses are [blank_start]poxviruses[blank_end] and [blank_start]bacteriophages[blank_end].
- Apoxviruses
- Bbacteriophages
14The viral genome has four options it can be [blank_start](ds)DNA[blank_end], [blank_start](ss)DNA[blank_end], [blank_start](ds)RNA[blank_end], or [blank_start](ss)RNA[blank_end]. It can never be both DNA and RNA. This genome contains all the information needed to invade and redirect host cell activities.
- A(ds)DNA
- B(ss)DNA
- C(ds)RNA
- D(ss)RNA
15Viral (ss)RNA genomes also have two types: [blank_start]positive[blank_end] and [blank_start]negative[blank_end] sense strands. [blank_start]+(ss)RNA[blank_end] acts similar to mRNA and can immediately go through translation and protein synthesis. [blank_start]-(ss)RNA[blank_end] must first transcribe to [blank_start]+(ss)RNA[blank_end] before translation can occur. the sense strands are complementary of each other.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- C+(ss)RNA
- D-(ss)RNA
- E+(ss)RNA
16Packaged viral enzymes sometimes require [blank_start]polymerases[blank_end] that either synthesize DNA or RNA. [blank_start]-(ss)RNA[blank_end] already has a polymerase so as to transcribe itself to [blank_start]+(ss)RNA[blank_end].
- Apolymerases
- B-(ss)RNA
- C+(ss)RNA
17The general phases in animal virus multiplication cycle:
1. [blank_start]adsorption[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]penetration[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]uncoating[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]synthesis[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]assembly[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]release[blank_end]- Aadsorption
- Bpenetration
- Cuncoating
- Dsynthesis
- Eassembly
- Frelease
18The [blank_start]adsorption[blank_end] step of viral infection is when a virus adheres to specific receptors on the host cell membrane. This can be limited by a [blank_start]host[blank_end] [blank_start]range[blank_end] which is a specific spectrum of cells a virus can infect which can be further limited by [blank_start]tropisms[blank_end] which is tissue cell specificity.
- Aadsorption
- Bhost
- Crange
- Dtropisms
19The three types of penetration during viral infection are:
1. [blank_start]direct[blank_end] [blank_start]penetration[blank_end] when there is no envelope
2. [blank_start]fusion[blank_end] - only when there is an envelope
3. [blank_start]endocytosis[blank_end] can be either enveloped or naked.- Adirect
- Bpenetration
- Cfusion
- Dendocytosis
20The uncoating process during penetration of viral infection must occur after the process of [blank_start]endocytosis[blank_end] and membrane [blank_start]fusion[blank_end] because the capsid is still surrounding the viral genome.
- Aendocytosis
- Bfusion
21During viral synthesis, DNA viruses generally replicate in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] and RNA viruses generally replicate in the [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end].
- Anucleus
- Bcytoplasm
22The two major synthesis events that need to occur during viral infection/replication are:
1. synthesis of [blank_start]viral[blank_end] [blank_start]proteins[blank_end]
2. replication of the [blank_start]RNA[blank_end] or [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] [blank_start]genome[blank_end]- Aviral
- Bproteins
- CRNA
- DDNA
- Egenome
23During the synthesis stage of viral infection, the synthesis of viral proteins produces both [blank_start]structural[blank_end] proteins which form the viral [blank_start]capsid[blank_end] and [blank_start]functional[blank_end] proteins that act as [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end]. The [blank_start]functional[blank_end] proteins are involved in the replication of the [blank_start]genome[blank_end] as [blank_start]polymerases[blank_end] and also can block host cell [blank_start]functions[blank_end] and [blank_start]immune[blank_end] responses.
- Astructural
- Bcapsid
- Cfunctional
- Denzymes
- Efunctional
- Fgenome
- Gpolymerases
- Hfunctions
- Iimmune
24Viral synthesis of dsDNA viruses follows the following steps
1 dsDNA gives both [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] (+RNA viral) and [blank_start]dsDNA[blank_end](copy of DNA).
2. [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] gives [blank_start]viral[blank_end] [blank_start]proteins[blank_end]
the [blank_start]genome[blank_end] and [blank_start]viral[blank_end] [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] are assembled to create a virus- AmRNA
- BdsDNA
- CmRNA
- Dviral
- Eproteins
- Fgenome
- Gviral
- Hproteins
25[blank_start]Retroviruses[blank_end] use a DNA intermediary during synthesis. Reverse transcriptase is completed by [blank_start]RNA[blank_end]-[blank_start]dependent[blank_end] [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] [blank_start]polymerase.[blank_end] The DNA intermediary then serves as a template for the [blank_start]+RNA[blank_end] molecules. [blank_start]HIV[blank_end] is an example.
- ARetroviruses
- BRNA
- Cdependent
- DDNA
- Epolymerase.
- F+RNA
- GHIV
26[blank_start]Assembly[blank_end] is similar for both naked and enveloped viruses. The genome is inserted into developing capsid structure.
- AAssembly
27Release is completed through [blank_start]lysis[blank_end] for naked viruses and through [blank_start]budding[blank_end] for enveloped viruses.
- Alysis
- Bbudding
28[blank_start]Syncytia[blank_end] [blank_start]formation[blank_end] is often a [blank_start]cytopathic[blank_end] [blank_start]effect[blank_end] characteristic of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
- ASyncytia
- Bformation
- Ccytopathic
- Deffect
29Herpes is an example of a [blank_start]chronic[blank_end] and [blank_start]latent[blank_end] viral infection.
- Achronic
- Blatent
30[blank_start]Oncogenic[blank_end] viruses insert viral genes into host chromosome in areas of normal cell cycle regulation introducing genetic mutations.
- AOncogenic
31To cultivate a virus often [blank_start]bird[blank_end] [blank_start]embryos[blank_end] (1st method of cultivation), [blank_start]cell[blank_end] ([blank_start]tissue[blank_end]) [blank_start]cultures[blank_end], or live [blank_start]animal[blank_end] [blank_start]inoculation[blank_end] (only when necessary) are used. This is because they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a living host cell.
- Abird
- Bembryos
- Ccell
- Dtissue
- Ecultures
- Fanimal
- Ginoculation
32Bacteriophages has multiplication in similar to animal viruses, but does not have the [blank_start]uncoating[blank_end] stage. This is due to only have the [blank_start]nucleic[blank_end] [blank_start]acid[blank_end] entering the cytoplasm. Phages are released as a result of cell [blank_start]lysis[blank_end] induced by enzymes and phage build-up within the bacteria.
- Auncoating
- Bnucleic
- Cacid
- Dlysis
33Temperate phages undergo adsorption and penetration, but do not [blank_start]replicate[blank_end]. The [blank_start]prophage[blank_end] is copied during normal cell division ultimately transferring to all host cell progeny which is called [blank_start]lysogeny[blank_end]. [blank_start]Induction[blank_end] is the activation of the [blank_start]prophage[blank_end] to enter the [blank_start]lytic[blank_end] cycle which is followed by viral replication and cell lysis.
- Areplicate
- Bprophage
- Clysogeny
- DInduction
- Eprophage
- Flytic
34Lysogeny can also result in [blank_start]lysogenic[blank_end] [blank_start]conversion[blank_end], which is when a temperate phage induces a phenotype conversion in the host cell. Often, it means a non-pathogenic bacteria becomes pathogenic.
- Alysogenic
- Bconversion
Información
- Descripción
- Microbiology Test sobre Viruses, creado por Rachel Rivera el 16/09/2018.
- Autor
- Rachel Rivera
- Idioma
- English
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