Test
Immunology
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Preguntas del test (72)
1Receptors of the innate immune system include:
- ASodium receptors
- BMannose Receptors
- CDectin-1
- DTLRs
- EComplement receptors
- FLipid Receptors
- GScavenger receptors
- HGlucose receptors
2TLRs are part of the PRR family and recognise PAMPs/DAMPs.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
3PRRs and Damage receptors include:
- ANLRs - cytosolic receptors
- BLipids
- CRLR - receptors like RIG-1
- DCLR - C-type lectin receptors
- EMannose
- FP2X7R - extracellular ATP
- GRAGE - HMGB-1
4Which are stages of phagocytosis?
- AAttachment; Injestion; Killing and Degradation
- BInjestion; degradation; killing; attachment
5Cytokines are hormone-like molecules of the immune system
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
6Interleukins, Interferons, CSFs, TNFs and Chemokines are all cytokine families.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
7Mast cells:
- Aare highly granulated when inactivated
- Brelease their contents when activated
- Cproduce histamine, heparin, tryptase and chymase.
- Dproduce delayed products such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines
- Eremain granulated
8Acute phase proteins
- Aincrease inflammation 1.5-10 fold.
- Bdecrease inflammation
- Cinclude fibrinogen, haptoglobulin for iron binding, complement for mast cells and opsonins such as mannose binding proteins.
9When acute phase proteins are present, there is a 10-1000 fold increase in serum amyloid which inhibits fever and platelet activation and C-reactive protein.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
10An opsonin binds to a molecule on a microbe surface to recognize the object being phagocytosed.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
11C reactive proteins are examples of opsonins. They bind phosphoryl choline and target bacteria, fungi, parasites and damaged cells.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12Which of these are known to be opsonins?
- AC-reactive protein
- BLipids
- CMannose-binding protein
- DCb3
13Interferons:
- AInhibit viral replication and bind to neighbor cells to mount an anti-viral response.
- BEncourage viral replication and infect neighbor cells.
14Natural Killer Cells
- ARelease lipids
- BRelease lytic granules to kill some virus-infected cells.
15Eosinophils are anti-pathogenic, help recruit immune cells and are involved in obesity.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16Basophils are also anti-pathogenic and may support the generation of adaptive immunity.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17Innate lymphoid cells are newly discovered, are defined by cytokine profile and are involved in supporting gut immune responses.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
18Time after infection:
- A2 days: Production of IFN-a/b, TNF-a and IL-12
- B3 days: NK-cell mediated killing of infected cells
- C7-9 days: T cell mediated killing of infected cells
- D11 days: reinfection and mount of neutrophils
19B cells have antibodies:
- AOnly in their membrane
- BWhich are only secreted
- CWhich can be found in their membrane or as secreted molecules
20Antibodies are immunoglobulins
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
21The tips of antibodies contain variable regions
- AVerdadero
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22Variable domains make antibodies specific
- AVerdadero
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23The antigen will bind to the __ terminus of the antibody
- AC
- BN
24What protease cuts the disulphide bond between the heavy chains?
- APapain
- BPropine
25When cleaved, the antigen binding portion of the antibody is known as ____, and the remaining domain is known as ____.
- AFc - fragment crystallisable; Fab - fragment antigen binding
- BFab - fragment antigen binding; Fc - fragment crystallisable
26Antigens are large molecules, around >4000Da
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
27Antigens can often be expressed on the surface of pathogens as
- ADNA
- BLipids
- CCarbohydrates
- DProteins
28Antibodies recognise "antigenic epitopes" which are specific amino acid sequences.
- AVerdadero
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29Epitopes can come in the form of
- AConformational epitopes
- BIrregular epitopes
- CLinear epitopes
30A high affinity requires a good fit between a single antigen and antibody
- AVerdadero
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31Avidity refers to the total binding of all antigen binding sites
- AVerdadero
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32The humeral immune response:
- Ais a response mediated by antibodies
- BIs a response mediated by teratogens
33Antibody effector functions include neutralisation, agglutination, opsonisation, activation of complement, and ADCC
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
34Neutralisation is when
- Aantibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen to prevent it from binding and invading host cells
- Bthe pH of the pathogenic environment is neutralised
35Opsonisation
- Apromotes phagocytosis
- Bpromotes bacterial proliferation
36Complement activation enhances opsonisation and lyses bacteria
- AVerdadero
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37Agglutination occurs due to complexes of antibodies and bacteria building up
- AVerdadero
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38Tick the correct statements
- AIgG is the most abundant antibody and has a role in opsonisation
- BIgM is the earliest anitbody made contact with after the antigen, and can aggregate. Forms a pentamer with a J chain and disulphide bonds
- CIgD is rare and may be found in some cancers
- DIgA is found in secreted fluids such as breast milk and digestive fluids. It forms a dimeric compound bound by a J chain
- EIgE is low in the serum but important in allergic reactions and worm infections
39MALT:
- Ais an abbreviation of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
- Bis a major site of B cell activity and antibody production
- Cis associated with IgA
- Dis associated with IgD
40IgA gets into the gut by
- Apoly Ig internalising IgA on the basolateral side of the epithelial cells. Part of poly Ig is cleaved by a secretory component which allows IgA to be transported into the gut lumen
- BBy diffusion
41CD4 T cells are __________ and CD8 T cells are _________.
- ATh cells; Cytotoxic T cells (Tc/CTL)
- BMemory cells; T helper cells
42T cells develop in the thymus
- AVerdadero
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43The thymus shrinks as we get older
- AVerdadero
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44B cells express surface IgM and IgD and express different variable regions
- AVerdadero
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45TCR Va and Vb regions contain hypervariable regions resulting in
- Adifferent Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs)
- Bhyperactivity
46The Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- Ais a region of DNA containing hundreds of genes
- Bproducts/proteins/antigens are interchangeable terms for products coded by these genes
- Cin humans is known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
- DIs found on B cells
- Einvolve three classes
47MHC class 1 and 2 are cell surface glycoproteins involved in T cell recognition of antigens.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
48MHC class 3 is also involved with T cell receptors
- AVerdadero
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49Class 1 MHC proteins have a long alpha (3) chain covalently linked to a B chain which is not embedded in the membrane, and Class 2 as an alpha (2) and a beta (2) both with transmembrane domains.
- AVerdadero
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50Polymorphisms: MHC have hundreds of polymorphisms so you can generate hundreds of different proteins
- AVerdadero
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51MHC class 1 fit amino acids 8-10 long
- AVerdadero
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52MHC class 2 can fit 12-20+ amino acids long
- AVerdadero
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53The T cell has the TCR and the antigen presenting cell has the MHC and the peptide (antigen)
- AVerdadero
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54MHC 1 present to ______ cells, and MHC 2 present to _______ cells.
- ACD8; CD4
- BCD4; CD8
55MHC 1 is involved with intracellular antigens, MHC 2 is involved with extracellular antigens
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
56MHC class 1
- Arecognises the intracellular antigen
- Bthen be broken down by a proteasome
- Cits then transported to the rER by TAP.
- DMHC is waiting in the ER bound to calnexin
- EWhen MHC binds the antigen it dissociates from calnexin.
- FThis allows MHC to move to the membrane and present the antigen.
57With MHC2, antigens are endocytosed. Proteases within the endolysosome help process the antigen. MHC is waiting bound to "associated peptide invariant chain". MHC moves to the golgi then to another vesicle for compartment for compartment for peptide loading (CPL). CPL and the endosome fuse. The peptide can be loaded to the MHC which degrades the invariant chain, allowing the MHC to go fuse to the membrane and present the peptide to the CD4 cell.
- AVerdadero
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58Advantages of MHC-associated recognition:
- AIts an extra mechanism for pathogens to attempt to avoid
- BIt recognises different parts of the pathogen
- CIt can detect antigens that are inside cells
- DThere is less scope for mutations in pathogens to avoid recognition
- EIt is better
59There are collections of T cells / immune cells in sites where infection is likely to happen, e.g. the GI tract.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
60Lymphoid organs include:
- APrimary tissues such as the thymus and bone marrow
- BSecondary tissues such as lymph nodes, the spleen and MALT
- CBlood circulation and brain
61Lymph vessels contain lymph fluid, lymphocytes and tissue dendritic cells.
- AVerdadero
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62There are many lymphoid vessels and structures in the GI, upper limbs and neck
- AVerdadero
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63Antigen-bearing dendritic cells travel to the lymph nodes via afferent vessels and interact with T and B cells. This activates them and allows them to leave the nodes via the efferent vessels. This takes 4-6 days for the primary response.
- AVerdadero
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64B cells are found in the _________ of the lymph node, T cells are found in the _____________. The medulla contains ___________, ___________ and ___________.
- AFollicles; paracortex; plasma cells; T cells; macrophages.
- Bplasma cells; macrophages; follicles; paracortex and T cells.
65Secondary follicles are formed when B cells are proliferating
- AVerdadero
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66GALT aka Peyer's Patches have specialised epithelial cells above the dome of the patches known as M cells which allow antigens from the gut to transit into the patches, which are similar to lymph nodes. Dendritic cells, B cells and T cells are found here.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
67The spleen has afferent lymphatics
- AVerdadero
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68The spleen only drains from the blood, so there is no lymph flow in the spleen.
- AVerdadero
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69The thoracic duct is
- Athe area where lymph flows back into blood
- Bthe area where blood and lymph mix
70Cell migration is controlled by
- AAdhesion molecules
- BEndosomes
- CChemokines
71Adhesion molecules include
- AL-selectin for CD34
- Ba/b integrin for ICAM-1/2/3
- CLipid A
- Da4b1 VLA-4 for VCAM1 and Fibronectin
- ECR3 for ICAM1
- FPSGL-1 for E and P selectin
72To move out of the blood and into the lymph, cells must
- Apass through high endothelial vessels
- Bdiffuse across a permeable membrane
Información
- Descripción
- Biomedical Sciences Test sobre Immunology, creado por Elizabeth James el 30/05/2015.
- Autor
- Elizabeth James
- Idioma
- English
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