Fichas
Cultural Variations in Attachment
Fichas del conjunto (8)
- 1Ijzendoorm and Kroonenberg (1988)- Meta-analysis of 32 studies of attachment behaviour
- Over 2000 studies from 8 countries
- Inter-cultural differences (difference between cultures)
- Intra-cultural differences (differences within the same culture) - 2Cultural Variations- Inter-cultural: small differences, secure was the most common, insecure-avoidant was the next most common, except in Israel and Japan (collectivist)
- Intra-cultural: differences within cultures were 1.5x greater than between cultures
- Global norm = secure attachment - 3Cultural SimilaritiesTronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe, the Efe, who lived in extended family groups
- Infants were looked after and fed by different women but usually slept with their own mothers.
- Despite these differences, at 6 months, the infants still showed 1 primary attachment - 4Cultural DifferencesGrossman et al (1991) found higher levels of insecure attachment amongst German infants than in other cultures
- German cultures involve interpersonal distance
Takahashi (1990) studied 60 middle-class Japanese infants: found no evidence of insecure-avoidant attachment - 5EvaluationCross-cultural research
> Psychologists measure behaviour using intelligence tests or observational methods
> Imposed etic - method designed in one culture and imposed in another
> eg: Strange Situation (US) - 6EvaluationCulture bias
> Rothbaum et al (2000) - not just the methods but the theory is also irrelevant to different cultures (western and eastern)
> Children that are emotionally secure go on to develop into socially and emotionally competent adult - 7EvaluationNation rather than culture
> Meta-analysis - comparing countries, not cultures
> Each country has its own sub-cultures, each with different childcare practices
- Cannot be generalised to urban and rural regions of each country - 8EvaluationIndigenous theories of attachment
> Rothbaum et al suggested that research from various cultures should be able to produce a set of indigenous theories
- explanations for attachment for each culture