Fichas
Observational Learning
Fichas del conjunto (24)
- 1Thorndike's definition of observational learningLearning to do an act by seeing it done
- 2Why is Observational learning important?In humans it facilitates the transmission of cultural norms, in animals it facilitates the transmission of information
- 3Observational learning can facilitate learning but it depends on the ___ of the taskComplexity. Learning to pull a thumbs up vs. learning to play piano
- 4Behaviour learnt through obsevation but can be explained in terms of instinctual responses or as part of a previously established learning process is?Obsevational Learning
- 5True Imitation requires behaviour...1. occurring without the model, 2. is new to the observer, 3. change is long lasting, 4. doesn't require reinforcement
- 6Conspecific?Members of the same species
- 7Social ContagionsYawning, smiling, laughing. unconditioned responses to relevant social stimuli
- 8Social FacilitationBehaviour is already in repetoire, occurrs because model prompts the behaviour. Often transitory
- 9Response FacilitationIncrease in species specific behaviour in the presence of conspecifics.
Chicken pecking. - 10Local EnhancementModel makes an aspect of the environment more salient, shortening the time it takes the observer to learn the behaviour
- 11Stimulus EnhancementModel makes an aspect of the stimulus more salient, shortens the time it takes the observer to learn the behaviour
- 12Vicarious Pavlovian ConditioningA possible extention of Social Contagion. Liking or disliking of a stimulus without direct exposure to it.
- 13Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning - fear of needlesMother has fear of needles (CS needles paired with US pain elicits UR fear). We see mother's fear (US) and this elicits our own fear (UR). This needles also become CS of fear.
- 14Theories of ImitationInstinctual theories, Operant theories, Generalised operant theories, Bandura's Social learning theory.
- 15Instinctual theoryImitation is innate. Evidence in the baby making faces experiments. However, this theory cannot predict imitation thus inadequate. Although, there are mirror neurons which fire to perhaps facilitate imitation but not cause it.
- 16Operant theoriesModel behaviour (stimulus):Imitation (behaviour) ->Reward (consequence). It appears imitations can be shaped or learnt. However, not all imitated behaviours are reinforced.
- 17Generalised operant theoriesRewarding imitation reinforces the specific behaviour & the imitation behaviour.
- 18Social learning TheoryTwo stages; Vicarious acquisition & imitative performance. Acquisition can occur when watching behaviour but performance only occurs when reinforcement is expected.
- 19Generalised Operant theory can explain the difference between leaning and performance also.A discriminative stimuli. When models are reinforced or reinforcer is expected then S+, but when model is punished or reinforcement is not expected then S-
- 20Social learning theory requires these factorsAttentional processes (attention to the relevant features). Retentional processes (verbal rehearsal). Motor reproductive processes (viewer must possess appropriate motor skill). Incentive & motivational processes (expectation of reinforcement). 1st three is acquisition, last is performance.
- 21Characteristics of model which affects acquisition and performanceSocial dominance, "Rewardingness" & power over resources, Similarity between model and observer.
- 22Influence on performancePrevious reinforcement of imitative behaviour, outcome of model, present reinforcement for imitating
- 23Inverse Imitation happens if...consequences for model is negative, we dislike the model, reinforcement is available for inverse imitation
- 24Applications of modelingTreatment of phobias, learning situations (ailine safety, social interaction, cognitive development), problem behaviours (drug use).
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- (Behavioural psychology) Fichas sobre Observational Learning, creado por cjjstone el 05/05/2014.
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- cjjstone
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