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D+G - Patterns and processes
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- 1What are the Asian tigers?Were the first generation of NICs they followed an export driven model of development by focusing on developing their manufacturing industry which was criticised. They include the economies of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore. Japanese TNCs choose to operate in less developed neighbours
- 2How did the Asian tigers grow?1) Their growth was a result or common factors within each such as a high ethnic Chinese population which was very ‘business orientated’. Authoritarian governmental systems allowing the government to drive plans though easily they were also favourable locations for TNCs during their formative years.
2) Government focused making primary and secondary education compulsory and heavily invested in universities.
3) Purchase of consumer goods was discouraged as the traditional import substitution model was still enforced encouraging high savings rates and investment. - 3Why did businesses get set up in these countries?1) Cheap work force
2) Low cost of raw materials and land
3) favourable government policies
4) Reduced trade tariffs
5) less strict environmental and labour laws.
6) AT became specialised and skilled in these industries - 4What did the governments tell farmers to do?The government also implemented security of land ownership to farm owners and job security though a ‘family’ like unit. Farmers were also encouraged to invest and expand and enabled the freeing up of rural workers for further industrialisation
- 5What are the impacts of Asian tigers?1) World GDP ranking were Hong Kong 22nd, South Korea 27th, Taiwan 32nd and Singapore 44th.
2) They had developed too fast, housing prices and stock became over-valued and somewhat contributed to the Asian economic crises caused by the stock market crash this in fold contributed to the global financial crisis in 1997.
3) As development slowed living standards rose and cheap abundant labour was reduced as wages rose TNC’s found other more comparative markets.
4) Rapid economic growth - Kong Kongs GNI grew from $1800 (1973) to $32 950 (2008) - 6What is China described as?China is the new ‘workshop of the world’ and a 3rd generation NIC
- 7What was China like before their growth?1) Has the largest number employed in both its secondary and tertiary sector in the world (not surprising given its 1 billion population+).
2) Governmental social reforms of the 70’s and liberalisation of industry in the early 90’s opened China up to foreign investors and it became a valuable location for TNC’s (labour force costs 1/10th of Japan).
3) Car manufacturers choose to locate here for this reason despite costs in the US being cheaper and now 1/10 Chinese owns a car compared with ½ Americans. - 8Explain the growth of China's export industry?1) China is now the number one exporter of nitrogen based fertilisers in the world. 2) The motor car industry is a ‘key development industry’ as it has the potential to draw many TNCs to China.
3) Exporters grew from 150,000 in 1975 to 9 million+ in 2007, with revenues increasing along with growth.
4) Partnerships have been made with foreign companies which help to boost domestic industry e.g. Nissan which released its first ‘China car’ in 2003.
5) China relies on the research and development of these transnational’s so domestic partnerships is important. - 9What specific industries have arisen in development zones?1) Industries have developed regional concentrations of development zones such as the special economic nuclei at Zonguncan north east of Beijing.
2) TNC giants such as Nokia, IMB and Motorola are based as well as large Chinese companies such as SIAC.
3) There were 23000 Japanese companies located in China in 2003, the number has inevitably risen since.
4) As well as 5 special economic zones there exist 15 open cities and 32 centres for regional development predominantly in the eastern coastal areas. - 10How has the Infrastructure in China improved?Between 1995 and 2002 the amount of expressway in China has increased from 3000km to 20000km
A new link from Beijing to Shanghai was constructed cutting journey time from 20 to 12 hours. - 11What is China a huge importer of?Oil.
China is a huge user of natural resources in the 1990’s it was an exporter of oil and now looks to be a net importer on both oil and coal to fuel 70% of its manufacturing industry - 12What statistics are there about China's manufacturing industry?1) 2002 accounted for <5% of global trade but ¼ of trade expansion.
2) 5th largest global trader and took over USA and Japan in exports to each other.
3) China manufactures 50% world shoes, 55% world’s computers, 60% worlds bikes
4) Chinas position in world trade was signified when in 2001 it was granted membership to the WTO, as a result tariffs on imported cars dropping to 25%
5) By 2006 $63 billion in investments had been received – the highest of any LEDC. - 13What are the impacts of China's growth on other nations?1) Increased global competition making it hard for western markets to export goods without locating their labour in cheap markets to make costs effective
2) However poorer nations benefit from cheaper exports; can afford to invest in cheaper products e.g machinery to for industrialisation (machinery in farming).
3) Demand for raw materials from NICs creates a market for poor producers enabling them to increase their exports to foreign markets. - 14Why has this impact been negative on other nations?1) Many US and Mexican TNCs located in Mexico have moved to China in search of cheaper labour causing a decline in GDP and investment in Mexico with workers particularly the secondary industry becoming jobless.
2) Therefore China's growth has allowed poor consumers to benefit but had negative impacts on those employed in the secondary industry. - 15What impacts has China's growth has on resources and energy?1) China’s growth also requires vast amounts of resources and energy.
2) 2003 it used 55% of the world cement and relies heavily on fossil fuels to supply 70% of its manufacturing industry.
2) Water shortage in the south which is combated by the construction of the world largest water transport system.
3) World’s 2nd largest consumer of copper and steel after the USA.
4) 2003 the supply for electricity was 5% slower than demand – electricity shortages in the south. - 16How has the development of industry in the south created a development gap?1) The concentration of industry in the coastal regions, particularly the south east has created a development gap.
2) Almost 90% of Chinas exports travel though it sea ports resulting in some areas recieving little such as Sichuan which was devastated by an earthquake in 2008.
3) China still has a vast rural population who have comparatively less than those in the cities which is why it is still classified as an LEDC. - 17Why has there been so much growth in India?1) 3 million Indian university graduates every year (inc. 500 000 engineering grads)
2) English is widely spoken which is a benefit for English TNCs
3) Low labour costs (british company saves £100 million for every 1000 jobs relocated) - 18What is the background to India's growth?1) India’s growth (7% per year since 1997) is a result of massive investment in its tertiary industry sector. 2) Its investment sector although 8 times smaller than China contributes to mainly its service sector.
3) India has focused on services including outsourcing and off shoring (carrying out a service business function in a country other than where it is produced). This includes call centres and financial services which for example is used by American express and British airways. - 19What is the salary benefit when moving serivces from UK to India?By moving their services to India, TNCs cans ave a lot of money - the average salary in an Indian
call centre in 2003 was £1200 a year compared to £12,500 in the UK - 20What are the negatives for origin countries of service sector businesses?1)The movement of financial services overseas has seen a loss of jobs in western nationals
2) Unions in the developed world are concerned about job losses and in some cases have pressurised
firms to bring back jobs to the USA and UK - 21What are the benefits of an increase in jobs in the service sector in India?1) The service sector has become an important part of the Indian economy - in 2011 it accounted for 56% of GDP
2) The Indian stock market, has risen 72.2% over the past 3 years. Although the Indian market accounts for just 0.24% of global stock markets by value
3) The growth of service industries in India has increased wealth and employment and improved living standards - 22What are the negatives for India?1) A large proportion of the growth is from foreign investment by TNCs so the profits leave the country
2) The benefits and employment opportunities are mostly available to the educated middle classes, which increases the poverty gap
3) There are concerns about standards of privacy and data protection in Indian IT companies - 23Example: Tata Consultancy ServicesTata Consultancy Services, another large Indian IT company, operates in over 40 countries
worldwide and employs over 100,000 people. In 2007 it reported that it was to outsource Indian
jobs to Mexico because of a shortage of skilled operatives and the rising value of the rupee - 24CASE STUDY: Growth in 21st century, BrazilSince the Latin America debt crisis in the 1980s and the end of the cold war Brazil has begun to play a role in regional and world affairs.
- 25Is the brazillian economy strong?The Brazilian economy is the 7th largest in the world and is one of the fastest growing. Its economy is bigger than the UKs (but not per capita).
The first Latin American country to emerge from the recent recession. - 26Why is the Brazilian economy growing?1) Brazil has lots of natural resources – Brazil has large oilfields, it is also one of the largest exporters of iron ore and it is also the largest agricultural exporter (grain produced doubled since 1990)
2. High amounts of Direct Foreign Investment – many TNCs have invested in Brazil because it is open to FDI. Companies investing in Brazil include Fiat and Brazil attracted 491 projects in 2011, and $65 billion of investment in 2012.
3) Infrastructure – Brazil has good infrastructure across many parts of the country allowing businesses to operate
4) Internal Demand – The Brazilian economy has grown and so has its inhabitant’s disposable income.
5. Tourism - Brazil has plenty of places to go and see the natural wonders, also the 2016 olympics were held here - 27What are the social consequences of a rising economy?1) 100% rise in minimum wage
2) 27 million moved out of poverty this decade (between 2004-08 number fell from half to a quarter , but very poorest haven't benefited at all)
3) Cultural shift to a more westernised society
4) Consumer credit grown 28% a year
5) Naturally increasing population - 28What are the environmental consequences of a rising economy?1) Damage to Amazon rainforest 600 000km2 of rainforest lost since 1970
2) Carajas Iron Ore Mine - provided 7 000 jobs and extracts 45 million tonnes of iron ore annually
3) HEP provides 80% Brazils electricity :) - 29What issues are there with growth in the future?1) High murder rate (27 per 100 000)
2) Violent corrupt police force
3) 17% homes do not have running water
4) 8 million jobs create between 2003 and 2009
5) Still political corruption - 30What is not good enough to support Brazil's rising economy?Brazil's infrastructure.
Still remains one of the world's most unequal societies. - 31Case Study: Russia!
- 32What history does Russia have?1) Became a superpower at end of WW2
2) Country was highly industrialised with vast armies
3) Communist - 33What is the economy of Russia like?1) 2015 economy was 6th largest in the world
2) energy exports between 2000 and 2012 rose 160%
3) Unemployment and poverty almost halved
4) in 2015 economy shrunk 3.7% - 34Does Russia have debt?1) Very low debt to GDP ratio
2) Most external debt is private
3) 2016, debt per citizen was $1027 - 35What sectors do Russia have?Services take up 58% of GDP and include:
1) Wholesale and retail trade
2) motorcycles
3) Health and education
90% of Russias exports to the US are raw materials such as minerals and gold - 36What is the future for Russia?1) Russia's reserve fund expected to run out this year
2) Plans to cut its defence budget by 5%
Poverty rate predicted to reach 14% in 2016 - 37How much oil does Russia produce?9.7% of world's oil
consumes 3.4%
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- A-Level (A2) Geography Fichas sobre D+G - Patterns and processes, creado por Ella Foster el 10/04/2017.
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