Flashcards
Cancer
Cards in this deck (46)
- 1The increase of number of cells in a tissue is...Hyperplasia
- 2The increase in size of cellsin a tissue is...Hypertrophy
- 3The reduction in size of cells in a tissue is...Atrophy
- 4The decrease in number of cells in a tissue is...Involution
- 5The stable change from one to another normal differentiated cell types in a tissue is...Metaplasia
(Eg. Linea alba) - 6What is the term for some tissues denoting an increased risk of malignant change?Dysplasia
- 7What is the tissue state characterised by a permanently altered growth pattern?Neoplasia
- 8What is the name for tumours in the lymphatic system?Lymphoma
- 9What is the name of a highly malignant skin tumour derived from melanocytes?Melanoma
- 10What is the name for tumours of the lymphoid bone marrow cells?Leukaemia
- 11What is the name for a tumour that differentiates to resemble the 3 embrionic germ layers?Teratoma
- 12What isa harmatoma?A developmental abnormality
- 13What is a tumour seen in Africa which has an aetiological factor in common with infectious mononucleosis?Burkitt's lymphoma
- 14Name of a common tumour of the lymph nodes...Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
- 15What is a Pindborg tumour?An odontogenic tumour
- 16Name a tumour of bone seen in children and young adults...Ewing's sarcoma
- 17Name a tumour that can be seen as a feature of AIDS...Kaposi's sarcoma
- 18What is direct spread of tumours?Tumours that spreadthrough local infiltration
- 19What is lymphatic spread of tumours?Spread to regional lymph nodes through the lymph
- 20What is haematogenous spread of tumours?Spread through the blood stream to lungs, liver, etc.
- 21What is peri-neural spread of tumours?Spread along a nerve
(eg. the salivary tumours) - 22What is trans-coelomic spread of tumours?Spread across a body cavity, such as pleura, pericardium or peritoneum
- 23TNM classification of a tumour: - 2-4cm - single ipsilateral node (<3cm) - no metastasesT2, N1, M0
Stage III - 24What are the characteristics of a Stage I tumour?T1 - 2cm or less
N0 - no regioal metastases
M0 - no distant metastases - 25What is the name for potentially malignant disorders that have similar clinic appaerance to those which have undergone a malignant change?Pre-neoplasia
- 26What is a morphologically altered oral tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpar?Oral precancerous lesion
(eg. leukoplakia, erythroplakia) - 27What is a generalised state associated with a significantly increased risk of oral cancer?Oral precancerous condition
(eg. actnic keratosis, lichen planus, syphylis, submucous fibrosis, etc) - 28What porcentage of homogenous leukoplakia lesions becomes malignant?1-5%
- 29What porcentage of erythroplakia lesions become malignant?80%
- 30What porcentage of non-homogeneous leukoplakia lesions become malignant?20%
- 31What porcentage of homogeneous leukoplakia lesios become dysplastic?20%
- 32What porcentage of non-homogeneous leukoplakia lesios become dysplastic?50%
- 33What are somatic genetical changes?Can be inherited between somatic cells but not germ cells - do not pass between generations
- 34What are heritable genetical changes?Inherited through germ cells so they do pass across generations.
- 35Activating genetic changes in cancer cause a gene to be.... (3)- over or under expressed
- expressed at the wrong time
-expressed with an altered function - 36What do inactivating genetic changes in cancer cause?They lead to reduced function of a gene so that less RNA is transcribed or less protein is made
- 37Genes/proteins associated with tumour development and progression can be... (3)- oncogenes
- tumour supressor genes
-genes associated with the regulation of apoptosis - 38What is the name of the ability of malignant cells to invade lymphatics, blood vessels and cavities and spread to distant site?Metastasis
- 39What isthe name of the ability of malignant cells to invade out of channels and grow at a distant site?Invasion
- 40What are ca2+ dependent cell membrane glycoproteins associated with cell-cell interactions?Cadherins
- 41What are cell surface glycoproteins composed of alpha and beta subunits which include receptors for basement membrane component?Integrins
- 42What does reduced expression of integrins do?Alters adhesion between epithelial cells and stroma, permitting movement
- 43The altered expression and function of what is significant in carcinoma? (eg. OSCC)Cadherins
- 44Which enzymes may modify the extra-cellular matrix of the stroma which allows cells to infiltrate the basement membrane and spread?Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP's)
- 45Which type of collagen do MMP2 and MMP9 modify? (Matrix Metalloproteinases)Collagen type IV
- 46Which type of collagen does MMP1 modify? (Matrix Metalloproteinases)Collagen type I