1990378
Description
Flashcards by Asterisked, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Asterisked
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Lab Experiment | PROS: I.V Manipulated; High Control of E.V's; Easy to Replicate; Can conclude Cause & Effect CONS: Eco-validity issues; Higher chance of Demand Characteristics; Artificial Setting/Situation |
| Field Experiment | PROS: I.V controlled only; Higher eco-validity; Can conclude cause & effect; Reduced demand characteristics; CONS: More time consuming |
| Natural Experiment | PROS: No manipulation; High eco-validity; Useful for studying the unethical CONS: Quasi-experiment; Can't conclude cause and effect. |
| Questionnaires (List of Q's; Highly Structured; Written) | PROS: Open & Closed Q's; Cheap way to collect data; Easy to analyse (closed Q's); Can be anonymous (confidentiality) CONS: Sometimes Q's are ambiguous; Data not as rich (closed Q's); Social Desirability Bias |
| Interviews ('Spoken Questionnaire'; Structured, Semi-Structured and Unstructured Interviews) | PROS: Large amount of rich data; Semi-Structured interviews allow flexibility CONS: Cost of training interviewer; Time-consuming; Hard to replicate (unstructured/semi-structured); Social Desirability Bias |
| Aim | General Statement about investigation; reasonably precise E.g - to see if age affects the duration of the Short Term Memory. |
| Hypothesis | Testable, predictive statement tested to see if true; either a predicted difference or relationship between variables. |
| Hypotheses | Directional/ One-tailed: States direction of predicted statement Non-Directional/ Two-tailed: States difference between conditions; doesn't specify direction. |
| Repeated Measures: Same PP's used in both conditions | (Y) - Participant Variables eliminated; fewer participants used (N) - Order effects (fatigue, boredom); Can't use same resources/materials |
| Independent Groups (Different group for each condition) | (Y) - No order effects; Same stimuli used; Reduced demand characteristics (N) - More participants needed; Can't control participant variables. |
| Matched Pairs (PP's closely matched and put in separate groups) | (Y) - No order effects; Good for controlling participant variables. (N) - Difficult to find exact match; More participants needed. |
| Types of Sampling | Opportunity: Whoever you can get (family and friends) Volunteer: Volunteers (people interested in study) Random: Arbitrary selection of people (names out of hat) |
| Naturalistic Observation | (Y) - No manipulation; High eco-validity (N) - No control of E.V; Ethical issues (consent, right to withdraw) |
| Controlled Observation | (Y) - High control of E.V (N) - Reduced validity (demand characteristics); Low eco-validity E.g - Ainsworth's Strange Situation |
| Validities | Internal: Is your study measuring what it's meant to? External: How useful are your findings to more than one sample? |
| Observation Types | Participant/Overt: Researcher takes part Non-participant/Covert: Participants are unaware they're being studied |
| Demand Characteristics | Participants change behaviour due to study/experiment 1) Social Desirability Bias: Changing responses to appear more socially appealing 2) Screw You Effect: Changing responses to affect validity of experiment |
| Investigator Effects | Whatever the investigator might do that could influence results. e.g. - using a specific tone of voice Controlled through 'double blind technique' |
| Ethical Issues | TOP 3 Ethical Issues or 'DIP' 1) Deception (solved through debriefing) 2) Informed Consent (solved by attaining consent) 3) Protection of Participants (solved through right to withdraw) |
| Pilot Study | Small scale study conducted to identify any design issues (Y) - Improves Internal Validity |
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