103002
Description
Flashcards by Odomaa Yinka, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Odomaa Yinka
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Differential Opportunity | class differences in opportunity but opportunity is limited, lower class more likely exposed to criminal behavior that middle class; access to specific forms of strain |
| Pains in Prisons | 5 1-Loss of liberty- removal of friends 2 Goods and service- no material choice, no choice 3 frustration of sexual desire 4 autonomy- no freedom, routine work 5 personal setting-living with unpredicitable people causing fear anxiety |
| Good lives model | focuses on replacing risk factor with ways of achieving human needs in socially acceptable and rewarding ways, offenders balance between risk management and human need replacement |
| facet theory | criminality, aggression, attempted intimacy, sexual gratification, interpersonal interaction |
| prisons are for? | to deliver punishment, important to public and leads to justice for victim |
| 3 theortical approaches to career criminals | rational actor, victimised, predestined criminal |
| predestined criminal | uncontrollabke factor upon individual |
| victimized actor model | criminal is in some way the victim of an unjust society |
| rational actor model | criminal weigh potential cost of benefits of crime before engaging |
| contemporary rational choice theories | crime comes from the opportunity to offend |
| street gang | no clear defintion because different across culture. also overlaps between behaviour of juvi's and non juvi's |
| Emile Durkheim (chicago school's approach) | social disorganization in certain parts of urban environment |
| Aniomie Theory | the disparity between cultural goals and institutionalize means |
| deviant sub culture | formation of criminal subcultures and how this influences the behavior of individual |
| FBI processing | crime classification, data assimilation, crime reconstruction |
| Feeny 1986 Offenders fear of capture | 14% Juvi, 24% of adutls 30% for first time 19% for experienced |
| Conflict Theories | society is diverse collection of groups each seeking to maximise its material gains, |
| Labelling Theory | person's self identity is continously constructed by their interaction with significant others |
| Farrington and West (1990) prediction to crime | criminal parents, family social problems, poor parenting of supervision, poor discipline, deliquent friends, offending sibilings, |
| Obedience of Functionries | Honouring obligations to authorities, no personal responsibilty |
| Exnoerating comparison | Relies heavily on ultitarian perspective 2 Judgements Ultitarian analysis affirm and Non violent option |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | group task, more cruel, less personal account |
| Disregard or Distortion of Consequences | easier to harm others when not visible |
| Bulmstein(1985) 3types of children (distinction of criminal vs non criminal | innocents, desisters, persisters |
| Displacement of Responsibility | people view actions stem from authority, enables them to protect against self-respect and cruelty of leaving blood on hands |
| Attribution of blame | self-exonerating- blame another for unjustified-victims are to blame |
| Dehumanisation | no longer human in their eyes |
| what are the levels of moral development | 1- if no punishment results 2 if no relationships are preserved 3 protects human right |
| Social Cognitive theory of Moral reasoning | the moral self, moral reasoning is linked to moral action through affective self regulatory mechanism |
| Eupheremes | Language 2 types Sanitising- ''bombing by soliders'' agentless passive voice- acts the works of nameless forces |
| Disparity | unjust inconsistency in sentence(grounds to appeal) disparity is due to judges, different factors in cases or weighing same factors in different manner |
| discretion | judicial flexibility (guidelines) of deciding sentences |
| disrepancy | usual random error in sentencing |
| What should a judge consider | quantum of punishment(punishment fit the crime consistency, similar, offenses get similar sentences |
| sentencing principles | Totality, parity,proportionality |
| Parity | similar punishment for similar offense |
| Proportionality punishment | punishment must fit crime (retributive principles 1991) |
| Legal factors of sentencing | type of charge, criminal record, post interaction with cjs, urban or rural court, probation officer recommendation,provocation by victim, recency of criminal conviction |
| extra legal factors of sentencing | defendant pre trial status (ses); race;attractiveness; gender; age; penological orientation (offense focus, offender focus) |
| Crime (sentence) act 1997 | a way to reduce dilute discretion |
| type of false confessions | voluntary, coereced, coeced interalized,suggestability |
| Voluntary confession | no external pressure, report to authorities claiming to have committed the crime, cannot distinguish fact and factional (attempting to protect suspect) |
| coereced | complaimt gives into pressure for instrumental gain e.g. go home avoid being locked up-retract soon as immediate stress is over |
| coerced internalized | suspect gradually begins accept the version of events making them guilty |
| PACE | legal rules about how interviews are conducted |
| Eurogang def of street gang | not old has been around for a while operates away from home identity through illegal activity |
| signature | offenders acting out violent fantasies which progress in nature, resultin in some characterstics of murder. remains consistent, unique to individual offender, different signature means different offernder |
| modus operandi | offenders way of performing a crime same technique used 1-finding victim 2 attacking victim 3 escape from scene |
| the 2 behaviours of sexual homocide | signature, modus operandi |
| 2 ways to offender profiling | clinical psychological, investigative psychology ; the environmental method |
| offender profiling | crime scene reports; forenmsic pathologist reports; detailed accounts of victim; geographic information; crime scene photographs |
| Theories of Gang | Strain Theory Social bond Theory Differential opportunity Differential association Cultural transmission Social disorganization |
| investigative psychological: the environmental method | attempted intimacy, sexual gratification, aggression, impersonal interaction, criminality |
| smallest space analysis | large number of procedures that represents the correlation between variables as distances in a statistically derived geometric place |
| fbi process profiling | basically intuition and guess work; 4 stage 1data classification 2 crime classification 3crime reconstruction 4profile generation |
| Strain Theory | Universal Goals set by society and a limited amount of people can meet those goals. Frustration of not meeting those goals it leads to strain, inequality leads to strain Merton 1938 |
| SOTP | fantasy modification, aversion therapy, covert sensation, masturbatory recondition |
| Cultural transmission | Shay and Mckay 1931 Socially disorganized societies lead to criminality, families in poor inner cities have low level of authority once exposed to deliquency pass from generation to generation |
| dievant sexual arosual | sexual preferences that match sexual behaviour |
| Effects of therapy | may have impact of reoffending again, beating therapy, increased triggered salience, increased skills of evading detection |
| sexual offender treatment program | limited amount prisons, offenders at risk of re-offending, at appropriate stage level, multiplier disciplinary team ( psychologist prison staff) |
| Social function of sexual offenders | social skills, intimacy problems; lack of self-esteem |
| Sex offender theory | Implicit theories of rapist 1 women are dangerous 2 women are sex object 3men understand body language 4 sex drive uncontrollable 5entitlement |
| What is rehabilitation | theory and characteristics of effect theory: overall aims, values. principle and etological assumptions that identify treatment, and outline the most suitable treatment |
| Social Disorganisation | break down of school, family, church failing to hold boys interest. immigration can be an example. |
| What are the three rehabilitation strategies | punishment based, constructional strategies, eliminative strategies |
| Name 8 Moral Disengagements | Dehumanisation, Diffusion of responsibility, displacement responsibility, attribution of blame, euphereme,disregard or distortion of consequences, exonerating comparison, obedience functionaries |
| eliminative strategies | decrease criminal behavior by paring it with negative consequences |
| what is moral reasoning | is the power to both refrain from inhumanely behavior and the proactive power to behave humanely |
| Differential association | Sutherland 1937 young people learn deliqeunt behaviour from exposure to individuals who carry criminal attitudes,criminal behaviour is learnt |
| What does the home office say about prison | that it is an expensive way to make bad people worse |
| constructional strategies | develop meant to replace criminal behavior with more socially desireable one |
| Woolf Report on Prison | -lack of respect to victim -destruction of families -no redress for injuries -negative regime -unsanitary |
| RISK NEED RESPONSITIVITY | Risk- the intensity and type of intervention should match the level of risk the offender Higher risk = Higher treatment |
| need | the dynamic factors related to re-offending |
| why Prison gangs? | Prison gangs because deprivation of prisons; there is a personal security, prisoners fear intimidation and assault above all aspects of prison life |
| responsitivity principle | ability to impact the offender and his/her behavior |
| 2 theories of prison gangs | indigenous and importation theory |
| Importation Theory | street come and ''re-group'' home coming |
| How many goods in the Goods live model | 8: healthy living, knowledge, spirituality, excellence in work and play; excellence in agency (self-management), relatedness; happiness; creativity |
| Indigenous Theory | people group based on race, culture and previous incarceration |
| Good lives model | revised systematically approached to rehabilitating sexual offenders |
| criminogenic needs | obstacles which block acquisition, it is the behaviors or strategies for obtaining goods that are obtaining goods that are problematic |
| implication of Good Lives Model | promoting goods and Reducing risk offending |
| Psychological factors of prison Gangs | prisoners are reluctant to do legitimate activties and leadership qualities integrated into prison subcultures |
| Control or Social bond theory | social norms are effective because people internalize them through socialization , internalizing norms is mediated by attachtment to others because adequate children are concerned about reaction of signficant others b/c relationships are 'precious' |
| Theories of Gang Membership | Social Learning Theory Interactional Theory |
| Social Learning Theory | crime learnt through development that crime is acceptable in some situations >imitations of crime |
| international theory | selection of individual peers;social and individual factors and social perception |
| Indigenous theory | 5 stages 1 prisoners must learn to deal with everyday threat violence, to cope with prisonization 2 mix with similar offenders, race, religion, previous incarceration 3 groups become self-proactive- recognised by others, no structure, no membership, no criminal activity 4 group becomes predatory, recognizes power, weak member may be expelled, begins criminal activity. 5 group strengthens, becomes organized, evolves into prison gang |
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