103860
Description
Flashcards by katy.lynock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by katy.lynock
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Macro Vs. Micro Evolution 2 | MACRO - large evolution changes - new organs, body plans MICRO - scale changes as alteration of gene freqency |
| Macroevolution 5 | Characteristics in existing organisms in series of stages in fossil record THRINIXADON jaw muscles resembling mammals Mammalian characteristics appear in variable reptile groups ARCHAEOPTERYX - bird-like organisms with dino features SPHECOMYRMA FREYI - characteristics of primitive wasps and modern ants |
| Living Fossils 7 | LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS - horse-crab very similar to forms found 200 millyrs ago COELOCANTH - fish with limb like structure No genome for either yet TULIP - genome remnent of genes from other species that are extinct Super slow evo Slow repair/ very constant envi Psuedogenes |
| Importance of Homology Homologus Characters 5 | Characters descended from common ancestor Limb structure of tetrapods PEATADACTYL - single digits Phalanges - bones in toes Vestigial limbs in snakes and whales |
| Importance of Homology Analogus Characters 5 | Similar in function but evolved independently Body colour Snail shell banding patterns Gene/single nucleotide positions Flying squirrels and sugar gliders |
| 'Missing' Intermediates 4 | Cambrian explosion - huge array of different animal types appear very suddenly in fossil record during Cambian period Fully formed and no intermediates PIKAIA GRACILENS - worm-like organisms with central notochord |
| Reasons for 'Missing' Intermediates 7 | Incomplete fossil record Rapid diversification at that point in time S.J. Gould's work PUNCTUAL EQUILIBRIA - he suggests rate of speciation faster then faster than at other times Envi. changed = more niches = increased chance of diversification Entirely predictable exponential rate of 1 in number of organisms at this time due to ecological VACUUM Species not represented as not suitable fossil material |
| Extinction 6 | Mass extinction at end of Crestaceous Asteroid collision? Affected fauna and flora High levels of chemicals and certain amino acids in rocks = found in high levels in ET objects) Iridium levels and extinction dont exactly match - fossils shifted from ori. strata? |
| Rate of Organisms Loss Gastropod Mollusc Development 9 | PLANKTOTROPHIC development: -egg released in sea Larval form develops Disperses Settle and changes into adult DIRECT development: Egg grows in adult in/near parent snails Larval remain linger in fossil record - wider geographical range Important as some forms more easily formed |
| Rate of Organisms Loss Estimating Diversification and Extinction Rates 3 | Different methods of seeing how quickly things arise/ go extinct is uncertain Estimate from fossil records and phylogenies of current species Extinction rates vary over macroevolutionary time |
| Genes from Fossils Extract DNA from Ancient Samples 4 | Hard to stop foreign containment - bacteria/fungus/human Successful extraction has been made from specimens that are several 1000yrs old DENISOVANS - whole genome from knuckle bone to calculate % simulairity to present day humans |
| Marcoevolution 4 | Evolution above the level of the species Evolution on a grand scale New lineages, existing lineages going extinct Extinction - termination of evo lineages |
| Paleontology How the fossils are formed 6 | Burial in sediment then: Compression before organism decomposes = organism shape Or mineralism - dossolved minerals precipitate in cells, preserve details of internal structure Or cast formation - infiltration of decayed organism that harden to form rock Or mold formation - decay and space remains unfilled Or frozen in ice - unaltered remains |
| Paleontology: What factors effect fossilisation 3 | Bias in what is fossiled - how easy to compress Where geographically Sediment organisms likely to become fossilised |
| Fossil Dates 4 | Radioactive: non-decayed nuclides: decayed Age of rock calculable if know half-life Less precise with increasing age Fossil remains in sedimentary rocks so dated by nearby IGNEOUS ROCKS |
| Fossil Examples (2) 6 | Oldest: Bacteria organism in S.Africa rocks - 3 bill yrs ago Cambrian explosion huge number of different fossils - 1st time seeing segment body plans/shells/exoskeletons.notohords Pikaia - 1st chordate-like animal - Central notochord - Also called Burgness Shale |
| 'Behaviour' Fossils 3 | Diplichnites Tracks made by trolobite walking on surface instead of plowing through surface layers Cruziann - shape of tracks indicates a searching patterns |
| First Out of Primordial Seas 5 | Beat plants out of water 530mill yrs ago - lobster sized centipedes Multiple tracks of different widths = well trodden paths = many animals Ripples = wind on sand = above sea Dating sandstone is difficult so time estimation is off |
| Recent Discoveries 7 | Complete skeleton of big marine reptile in Mexico Carnivore <25m long <150 tonnes Species of pleiosaur 4 flippers for swimming Muscle structure = fast acceleration = ambush predator |
| Modern Techniques 7 | Computed tomograph Allows huge magnification See palps on mite on tiny spider Non-invasive Scan inner ear to show balance organs - part of brain V. big in pterosaurs = good at catching prey in the air |
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