Flashcards
Abnormal Psychology - Depression
Cards in this deck (40)
- 1Depression is characterised by ____ and there are two types of depressive disorders:A depressive episode
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistant Depressive Disorder - 2Major Depressive DisorderDiagnosed with 5 of the 9 symptoms + 1 major depressive episode.
- 3Major Depressive EpisodeThe patient exhibits five or more symptoms in a 2 week period and additionally, a change from previous functioning (Depressed mood or Loss of interest), it is not as ongoing.
- 4Major Depressive Episode SymptomsAnhedonia, Depressed Mood, Clinically Significant Weight Loss/Gain, Insomnia/Hypersomnia, Fatigue/Loss of Energy, Feelings of Worthlessness, Diminished ability to think or concentrate, Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation (plan and attempt)
- 5Pervasive Depressive DisorderDepressed mood more days than not over a period of 2 years, however it as not as severe as MDD.
- 6Prevalence of MDD5% in Women, 3% in Men every 12 months
- 7Prevalence of PDD2% of the general population every 12 months
- 83 Major Causes of Depressive DisordersGenetics, Biochemical, Brain Abnormalities
- 9Family and Twins studies on depression found that concordance rates for depression are higher ...The more closely related the people are
- 1037% of the variation in depression can be attributed toGenetic effects
- 11Studies on the effects of genes vs environment on depression found..Increased risk of Depressive Disorder development in children if either the biological parents, or adopted parents were diagnosed with a depressive disorder. In particular, if the mother was depressed the effect was seen more greatly
- 12Molecular Genetic Studies found that patients with depression more commonly had ...Dysfunction in Serotonin receptors
- 13Norepinephrine prepares the body for: Those with depression often exhibit _____ levels of NPP in the ___Action, and has been associated with increased energy and elation. Those with depression often exhibit low levels of NPP in the synapses of neurons.
- 14Serotonin is associated with ____ , and often those with depression show __Mood, Appetite and Sleep. Those with depression show depressed levels of serotonin in comparison to normal patients
- 15Dopamine is related to ___ , and often shows ____ levels for those with depressionReward Seeking Behaviours, Happiness, and is often expressed in low levels for those with depression. Related to loss of interest in pleasurable things.
- 16Those with depressed levels of Serotonin, Dopamine, and NPP:May be prone to developing emotional disorders such as Depression, PTSD, Bipolar disorder.
- 17Those with depression have also shown dysfunction in the regulation of hormones, in particular ____ in _____ amounts. The importance of this is _____Cortisol in abundant amounts. Cortisol is released when we encounter stressful stimuli, to help us combat the stress. The link to depression is unknown, however there have been findings that cortisol may break down neurotransmitter, potentially creating dysfunctional amounts of dopamine, serotonin, and NPP.
- 18Emotional Regulation System: The Amygdala , Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Subgenual Anterior Cingulate. Those with depression show ___ in this system. The amygdala is responsible for_____Dysfunction in this system, where they continue to think about bad things that have happened to them. Interpreting Emotional Information. It is reflexive and automatic, receiving information about potentially dangerous things in the environment before they have been processed by the brain.
- 19How does the left and right frontal hemisphere asymmetry relate to those with depression?Activity in the left part of the frontal lobe is associated with positive mentality. Activity in the right part of the frontal lobe is associated with negative feelings. Those with depression show more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex.
- 20Meditation and Mindfulness have been shown to:Have some positive effects as a treatment for depression. Meditation and Mindfulness have been associated with participants having much more drive for reward and expressing more happiness.
- 21How does life/psychological stress relate to those with depression?Stress occurs when a person perceives something in the environment to be exceeding their resources or endangering their well being. Therefore how we evaluate stress dictates how we feel, and those with depression have a propensity to over appraise negative things in their environment. Those who have a biological vulnerability to depression, will be more prone to developing depression when more stressful things occur.
- 22The integrative model of depression is says:Biological Vulnerability + Psychological Vulnerability + Stressful Life event
+ (Activation of stress hormones with effects on neurotransmitters or Problems in interpersonal relationships and lack of social support or Negative Cognition) will lead to depression. - 23Cognitive Theories in Depression relate to:Negative thoughts and Beliefs about themselves, the world and the future increasing the likelihood of developing depression. Where thoughts have a significant and direct effect on mood, and symptoms.
- 24Cognitive Distortions includeShould-ing, Over generalisation, Discounting positives, Black and white thinking, Unfair comparisons
- 25Should-ing"I should have known better"
Self Blame/Critque - 26Over Generalisation"Relationships never work out for me" "Academics is not my thing"
- 27Discounting Positives"I did well because the test was easy"
- 28Black and white thinking"I'm a failure" "I can't teach"
"I'm unlovable - 29Unfair Comparisons"She is much prettier than me"
- 30Internal Attribution of Blame"My fault"
- 31External Attributions of Blame"There fault"
- 32Those with depression show what attribution style?Internal, Global - Blame themselves, and overgeneralise negative things in their lives, thinking things will never change
- 33Beck's Cognitive Theory involves:>Challenging dysfunctional thoughts
>Increasing activities - doing things/ engaging with the environment elevates your mood
>Substituting negative thoughts with more adaptive ways of thinking
>cognitive restructuring - changing primary attitudes/schemas - 34Interpersonal Psychotherapy states that depression:is a disease maintained by 1 or more of 4 interpersonal scenarious that are preventing the symptoms of depression from going away.
- 35Interpersonal areas that maintain depression are:Grief - not coping with grief
Role Dispute- A disagreement with a specific person
Role Transition - a major change in ones life
Interpersonal Deficits - Social inability - 36Common drugs used to treat depression include:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Selective Re-uptake Inhibitors - 37Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors act to: Side Effect =Inhibit the activity of Monoamine Oxidase.
Monoamine Oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters, inhibition of this stops neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and NPP from being broken down.
Side effect = Allergy to Tyramine, present in beer, wine, cheese etc - 38Trycyclic Antidepressants act to: Problem =Block the re-uptake of NPP and other neurotransmitters.
Problem = Small volume difference between a lethal dose and a helpful one - 39Selective re uptake inhibitors:Do not have the same level of side effects, and involve the selective reuptake of serotonin and/or NPP. It works to activate individuals, boosting motivation in general.
- 40Electroconvulsive Therapy Side effects =Is used for severe depression, and involves electrodes to the skull causing an induced seizure. Side effects = memory loss
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- 112 Science Flashcards on Abnormal Psychology - Depression, created by Bex Chrystall on 20/09/2017.
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- Bex Chrystall
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