Flashcards
phonology
Cards in this deck (24)
- 1phonemesare contrastive: you can replace one with another one in a certain language and change the meaning of a word
example: mat /mæt/ – meat /mit/
So, in English /æ/ and /i/ are phonemes - 2allophonesare not contrastive: replacing one with another does not change the meaning of a word (may sound weird)
- have a greater phonetic similarity - 3allophonic rulesphonological rules that account for the distribution of allophones.
- 4rule 1: Nasalizationvowels in English have a nasal and a non nasal/oral allophone.
mat [mæt] – man [mæ̃ n]
[æ̃ , u] occurs before [n,m, ŋ]
-nasal vowels occur before a nasal consonant vowel → [+nasal] / ____ [+nasal consonant] vowel → [-nasal] / elsewhere - 5devoicingapproximates are devoiced after voiceless consonant (/s,p/,etc) are voiced else where
[+approximant] → [-voiced] / [-voiced consonant] ________
[+approximant] → [+voiced] / Elsewhere - 6rule 2: approximates/l,ɹ,j,w/
devoiced: [ l̥ , ɹ̥ , j̥ , w ] - 7rule 3: velarizationhas a velarized [ɫ] and a lateral allophone
a longer "L" sound
example: [wizɫ] ‘weasel'
/l/ → [+velarized] / _____$
/l/ → [+lateral] / elsewhere - 8rule 4: alveolar/n/ acquires a dental pronunciation in front of dental consonants such as /θ, ð/ and remains alveolar anywhere else
/n/ → [+dental] / ___________ [+dental, +consonant] /n/ → [+alveolar] / elsewhere - 9rule 5: aspiration of stops in Englishvoiceless stops are aspirated at the beginning of the syllable before a stressed vowel, and unaspirated else where
[-voiced, +stop, +consonant] → [+aspirated] / $ ____ [+vowel, +stressed]
[-voiced, +stop, +consonant] → [-aspirated] / Elsewhere - 10rule 6: flappingalveolar stops are flapped (voiced and shortened) when they occur between 2 vowels, and the first vowel is stressed. [+alveolar, +stop] → [+flap] / [+vowel, +stressed] _______ [+vowel]
[+alveolar, +stop] → [-flap] / Elsewhere - 11Canadian RaisingWe compare the 2 contexts of occurrence and we try to identify the pattern
-The ‘raised’ variant occurs before [ θ, t, t ]
- The ‘raised’ variant occurs before voiceless consonants
[diphthong, central] → [begins mid] / _____ [-voiced, consonant]
example: about and around
[diphthong, central] → [begins low] / Elsewhere
example: around and down - 12diagnostic 1if the sounds are contrastive then their distinction is phonemic
example: /min/ 'mean' and /mæn/ ‘man’ the vowels are contrastive because
a) replace each other in the exact same position in a word (between /m/ and /n/)
b) and effect the meaning of the word - 13diagnostic 2: free variationthis means their distinction is allophonic
- 14free variationwe mean that they are free to occur in the exact same context (in the exact same position in a word) without affecting the meaning of the word.
[ g o ] ‘go’
[ g oʊ ] ‘go’ - 15diagnostic 3: complementary distributionif the sound are in complementary distribution.
-meaning that they never occur in the same phonetic context; they can never replace each other in the same position in a word. - 16nasal vowelsare found before nasal consonants (i.e., before n, ŋ, and m) and nowhere else:
correct:ran[ɹæ̃ n] sing[sɪ̃ŋ] doom[dum] wrong: yeah*[jæ̃ ] sit*[sɪ̃t] soup *[sup] - 17oral vowelsare never found before a nasal consonant. they are found in all other contexts:
wrong: ran*[ɹæn] sing*[sɪŋ] doom*[dum] correct:yeah [jæ]sit[sɪt] soup[sup] - 18—
- 19nucleusthe element around which a syllable is built. this is typically a vowel
example: hill [hɪl] the 'ɪ' part - 20onsetthe consonant(s) that immediately precede the nucleus.
example: hill [hɪl] the 'h' part - 21codathe consonants(s) that immediately follow the nucleus
example: [hɪl] 'l' part - 22diagnostic decision tree
- 23phonological rule of notationA --> B/D_F
- 24—
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- Flashcards on phonology , created by Nataly Zuria on 17/11/2017.
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- Nataly Zuria
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