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Flashcards by Louise Tribe, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Louise Tribe
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| lack of progress 1529-1533 | * lack of clear policy - indecisiveness * Thomas More 1529 (scholar), no direct * factions: Aragon, Boleyn, anti-Wolsey * reformation parliament, small laws, anti-clerical feeling (supplication for the beggars (corrupt and lazy) Fish 1529) |
| Henry's views 1530-31 | 1530: Collectanea Satis Copiosa (king as head) 1520-31: university opinions about Leviticus (bribed) |
| Pressure on Church | * reformation parliament 1529 * Praemunire, £118,000 fine + pardon 1531 * demand 'sole protector': backtracked * embarrassing More 1531 |
| Acts passed against Church before supremacy | 1532: Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (payments to Rome, not immed) 1532: Cromwell's supplication against the ordinaries (persuade jurisdiction not to do with King) 1532: submission of the Clergy (convocation restriction, cannon laws) - led to More resignation 1532: death of Warham = Cranmer (Pope hoped to mollify Henry) |
| Royal Supremacy chain of events | * 1533 AB pregnant = urgency * had to push legislation through so heir wouldn't be questioned * 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals to Stop CoA 1533: marriage annulled = H exocomm * Succession Act 1534: validity and invalidity of marriages, oath to Queen 1534: Act of Dispensations = payments to Rome * Act of Supremacy 1534: ing head of Chruch Treason Act 1534: could be executed if you say H isn't head of Church * economic consequences :) |
| key points on humanism and renaissance under Henry VIII | * tombs of parents in comparison to Lady Chapel - visual culture * Colet and Wolsey on education * learning amongst elite = humanist * Hampton Court Palace * Tutors for Edward and Elizabeth |
| What were the causes of dissatisfaction with the Church? What exemplifies it? | * Priests uneducated * Clerical abuses e.g. pluralism, non-res * Moral standards of monks and nuns * benefit of clergy: immune from trial * Lollards * Hunne Case 1515 * Wolsey commission, 30 monasteries * Henry conservative: ignored Fish supplication of the beggars |
| Why did the dissolutions of the monasteries take place? | * start of economic exploitation * 'richest prince in Christendom' * decided that purgatory didn't exist * Valor Ecclesiasticus 1535 = worth * moral standards fell short * 800 in England |
| Details of the dissolutions of small monasteries | * 1536 * Dens of Vice * sent to larger houses for correction * some houses owned by friends of Cromwell stayed! * Selling through Court of Augmentation |
| Dissolutions of larger monasteries | * 1538-1540 (Waltham last) * Implicated with Pilgrimage of Grace * some pre-empted by selling off gold * 1538 'invited' to hand over property * Condemnation in face of opposition = limited |
| Impact of dissolutions of the monasteries | * seen as cultural vandalism * increase in poverty? (more likely due to inflation) * clergy failed to obtain new employment * landowners gained power * crown finances used for war rather than planned grammar schools and cathedrals! |
| Legislation passed after the Royal Supremacy | * 1536 10 Articles: 3 sacraments, 'faith alone', 'real presence of Christ', consubstantiation * 1537 Bishop's Book: 4 sacraments found, 'faith alone', 'body and blood', changed in 1543 King's Book * 1536+1538 Injunctions: attacked traditions and holy days, IMAGERY * English Bible = propaganda, common man access, Henry on front of 1539 version 1539 Six Articles: shows conservative influence, confirmed transubstantiation, clerical marriage, chastity (Cranmer) |
| Politics in the reformation | * Pope was an outside interference resented by English nobles * heightened factionalism --> reformers in charge in 1547 |
| What made England seem Catholic in 1547? | * transubstantiation confirmed * bread and wine permitted * 7 sacraments * no marriage * need for 'good works' * statues remained but not allowed to worship them |
| What made England seem Protestant in 1547? | * SERVICES AND BIBLE IN ENGLISH! * No pilgrimages or shrines * Less Holy Days * No monasteries * Henry upheld by heresy and treason |
| Importance of Henry in reformation | * A Catholic: reluctance shown in 20s (Fish Supp of Beggars 1529) * opposed reform of religion * Financial motives for dissolutions * Return in 1540s * no reformation w/o him? |
| Importance of Cromwell in reformation | * political operator * solved problems * Tudor revolution in govt. and passage of legislation * suppressed opposition * involved in Dissolutions (Valor Ecc) * Had reformist ideas |
| Importance of Boleyn in the reformation | * political operator * pregnancy urgency * patron to reforming figures * Bishops appointed during her reign all reformers * persuaded H to accept English Bible * Adultery 1536 |
| Importance of Cranmer in the reformation | * credited for collectanea satis copiosa * couldn't be discredited * kopt beliefs to himself, yes man? |
| How was opposition to the supremacy supressed? | * Treason Acts: high profile executions * Not a lot changed in Supremacy = no opposition * Oaths of loyalty * Cromwell exercised power to show identity of Church * No mercy: e.g. executions after Pilgrimage of Grace |
| Examples of opposition to Royal Supremacy | * Holy Maid of Kent: had religious visions and denounced AB, created alarm = executed 1534, same day as Oath of Succession! * Fisher: Bishop refused oath of succession = executed 1535, martyr because respected Chruchman * More: Passive resistance and legally trained, never denied King's title but claimed his conscience was free = no oath to Supremacy, fabricated evidence by Sir Richard Rich, kept moral high ground even when executed * Carthusian Monks: executed and tortured but remained true to their faith, showed barbarity rarely seen in English history * CoA: Henry very threatened by her even though she did not promote any kind of war on the continent, stripped and stopped from seeing Mary. Shows how scared HVIII was |
| Rebellions against Henry VIII briefly | * Lincolnshire 1536: local grievances e.g. rights + hatred against London centric gov, dispersed when heard army coming * Pilgirmage of Grace 1536: Aske, had religious connotations, Pontefract Articles for restoration and rid of evil councillors Cumbrian Uprising 1537: easily squashed after Grace, martial law declared * White Rose Connection * Excommunication 1538 and threat of European invasion (Catholic Crusade) |
| Pilgrimage of Grace key points | * Robert Aske + 30,000 people * Five Wounds of Christ = standard * Pontefract Articles: restoration and rid of evil councillors * Supported by local nobility (Darcy) * Failed because wanted to negotiate! Henry instructed Norfolk to accept any demands to play for time. Cumbrian uprising was the resurface which was easily squashed |
| Arguments for the Tudor Revolution in government | * Medieval to modern: self sufficient depts. * household finances to bureaucratic: Exchequer more influence, chamber less * Privy council: elite group of 20 * Parliamentary statute utilised: amount of leg in Henry's reign more than 250yrs * Cromwell tried to increase power in regions (Wales rep for first time 1536) |
| Arguments against the Tudor Revolution in government | * Eltham Ordinances also bureaucratised council in 1526 * Cromwell limited in extending royal authority * Privy Council = emergency response to PoG? * Parliament didn't change in character - Loach |
| Henry's government in his final years | * 'own chief minister' or manipulated by factions? * Denny and Paget limited com with King + had dry stamp * Last will and testament in 1546, details of regency council added after? * tyrannical bully, reign of terror |
| Details of Henry's succession | * Edward, Mary, Elizabeth, Frances Grey (niece) * excluded MQoS * Will replaced succession acts of 1534 and 1536 * Regency council of 16 balanced members |
| Marriage to Catherine Howard | * Niece of Duke of Norfolk: bringing conservatism * married 20 days after Cleves * 19 years old, caught in infidelity scandal, possibly a political rumour started by the reforming faction |
| Attacks on Cranmer | * 1543 * Accused of being a secret protestant * Cranmer investigated the charges himself * Conservatives made a mistake trying to attack the King's closest advisor |
| Marriage to Catherine Parr | * 1543 to bring comfort * religious accusations for being more reformist than law allowed * Wriothesley put forward case and was accepted by King * Catherine promised her innocence and King accepted but didn't notify guards who came for Catherine in the morning! |
| Surrey and Norfolk affair | * Norfolk had survived execution of nieces AB and KH * Said his son had just as much right to be heir to English throne in 1546 * Surrey executed and Norfolk to tower |
| Nobility under Henry VIII | * Enjoyed influence under renaissance King, e.g. favour in war * Enjoyed land ownership in the dissolutions * Size only increased a little due to natural wastage * Henry showed no mercy in executing nobility: Buckingham, Darcy and Hussey after rebs, common criminals |
| Gentry under Henry VIII | * Knighted for royal favour * Gentleman was a loose term still * JPs increased * Strive for gentry to be legally trained in place of clergymen * gentry drawn in to unpaid admin for crown |
| Commoners under Henry VIII | * ride in inflation and drop in real income * bitter towards amicable grant 1525 * government fearful of commoners because they cause social disorder on a mass scale |
| Regional differences | * measures to create a unified state * 1536 Wales Act = representation and legal framework * 1536 Act against independence of Palatines * Anglo-Welsh borders under councilof Wales for local ease * Anglo Scottish border split into 3, difficult to fill positions * Council of North permanent after 1536 |
| Social consequences of religious upheaval | * complaints about Church but little fundamental change = :) * Attacking practices and traditions :( * Land to gentry * education lost with monasteries * unemployment of nuns * local communities :( |
| Trade under Henry VIII | * cloth exports doubled, wool decreased: finished :) * wine imports suggest prospering classes * success for London = difficulty for other ports * Questionable how much profit went to English hands * Domestic business that wasn't secure * Big money made by entrepreneurs who used trade to enhance status * first growth in mining and blast furnace |
| Exploration under Henry VIII | * Was not interested! * Seb Cabot remained in Spain during reign * Some merchants continued but w/o royal support |
| Prosperity and depression under Henry VIII | * population up, mortality down * farming more efficient * debasement = boom 44-46 * Bad harvests * Real wages and inflation * unemployment, movement to London * homeless due to engrossing |
| Enclosure under Henry VIII | * most damage took place before 1485 * Wolsey set up commissions * Wolsey had to recognise owners' rights * Law in 1534 had little impact |
| Population growth under Henry VIII | * stress for food * Agricultural prices increased * economic growth at peasant distress - Guy * Society more polarised |
| Foreign policy on the continent 1530-1540 | * 1532: alliance with France, ended by French-Papal marriage * Break with Rome not priority: Ottoman Turks, Henry weak alliance with Schmalkalden * 1536 improvement: fall of Boleyn, F+S fighting * 1538 danger: F+S Treaty of Nice & Pope sends envoys/excommunicates * 1540 Cleves dilemma and F+S breakdown too = no need for Cleves and opportunity to ally with France = Cromwell falls |
| Foreign policy in Ireland 1530-40 | * Earl of Kildare relations bad with King * 1534 major rebellion * English presence = economic drain * 1541 complicated separated Kingdom with English laws |
| Foreign policy in Scotland 1540-47 | 1538: France and Scotland ally * 1542: England and HRE invasion to France = Scottish border raids ended by Duke of Norfolk's army * Rough wooing instead of attack * 1543 Treaty of Greenwich betrothed Edward to MQoS, refused by Scot * henry raids Scottish cities for revenge |
| Foreign policy in France 1540-47 | * Anglo-Imperial invasion * King as head of army in foolish last pursuit of glory * Ended in Capture of Boulogne, HRE dropped out * Ended in Scottish border raids, France on Isle of Wight, Mary Rose sank * Henry sold of crown lands for this |
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