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Flashcards

Mr Worldwide

toby blewett Geography A level English 41 cards

Cards in this deck (41)

  1. 1Define Globalisation:Globalisation is the process through which national and regional economies, societies and cultures have been integrated through a global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation.
  2. 2Describe some "flows"Goods: the products and commodities we all buy in shops, many of which were grown or made in distant places.
    Capital: Flows of money between people, banks, businesses and governments
    Information: such as data transferred between businesses and people, often using the internet.
    People: flows of migrants and tourists from one part of the world to another.
  3. 3Define Interdependence:Means the success of one place depends on the success of other places. Economic problems in one country can quickly spread to it's trading partners and can affect distant places.
  4. 4Describe the different types of globalisation:Economic globalisation: involves the growth of global transnational corporations, which have a global presence and global brand image. It also involves spreading of investment around the globe and rapid growth in world trade.
    Political globalisation: takes the form of the dominance of western democracies in political and economic decision making. It also spreads the view that democratic, consumerist societies are the most "successful"
    Cultural globalisation: involves people increasingly eating similar food, wearing similar clothes, listening to similar music, and sharing similar values, which are western in origin.
    Demographic globalisation: occurs as migration and tourism increase: populations are becoming more mixed.
  5. 5Describe how changes in transport have helped globalisation:Improvements in transport technology have allowed for growth in trade, as transporting goods and people around the world has become increasingly easy. The development of shipping containers in the 1960's was perhaps the most important development, before this development, cargo was loaded in crates and sacks, manually into the holds of ships, now containers are loaded and unloaded by crane. Containers are inter-modal- they can be transported by ship, lorry or train. The world has 9500 container ships than can transport 18,000 containers each.
  6. 6Describe how improvements in communication have lead to globalisation:Mobile phones have become widespread since the 1990's and are now common in many developing countries. Internet access became common from mid 1990's followed by fast broadband, close to 50% of the world's population uses the internet. The global network of land based and subsea fibre optic cables has allowed instant satellite communication. Satellite based television has meant popular channels are available worldwide.
  7. 7How have mobile communications pushed globalisation forward:Mobile communications have allowed people to keep in touch with all parts of their production, supply and sales network locally and globally, transfer money and investments instantly, instantly analyse data on sales, employees and orders from anywhere within their business.
  8. 8Define time-space compression:the idea that the cost, in the terms of money, of communicating over distance has fallen rapidly, so the idea of someone being a long way away is now largely irrelevant in terms of the ability to communicate with them.
  9. 9How have some countries used protectionism to protect their own businesses:demanding payment of taxes and tariffs on imported goods, making them more expensive than home grown/made goods.
    using quotas to limit the volume of imports, protecting home producers from foreign competition, banning foreign firms from operating services like banking, retail or insurance,
    restricting, or banning foreign companies from investing in their country.
  10. 10What is FDI?Foreign direct investment is where a business from one country invests in another such as opening a chain of shops or building a factory.
  11. 11Describe the roll of some international organisations in free trade and FDIWorld Trade organisation: The international organisation that works to reduce trade barriers and create free trade. WTO consists of a series of global agreements that has gradually reduced trade barriers and allowed free trade. The latest round of talks, beginning in 2001, have yet to be settled.
    International monetary fund: Since 1945, the IMF has worked to promote global economic and financial stability, and encourage more open economies. Part of this involves encouraging countries to accept FDI and open their economies to free trade. Has been criticised for projecting a western model that works in the interests of western governments and TNCS
    World Bank- The world bank's role since 1944 has been to lend money to the developing world to fund economic development and to reduce poverty. It has helped developing countries to establish deeper ties with the global economy, but has been criticised for putting economic development before social development.
  12. 12Describe the roll of national governments in globalisation:Governments can promote globalisation in a number of ways: Joining free trade blocks such as the EU and association of South East Asian Nations, which make trade barrier-free between member states and the the case of the EU allows the free movement of people between countries.
    Opening up markets to competition: in many countries certain industries are protected or even operate as a monopoly such as national rail networks, postal services or electricity generation. Since 1980, there has been a move towards free-market liberalisation which has created competition in once restricted markets.
    Privatisation: since the 1980's many governments have sold off industries they once owned.
    Grants and loans are made to new businesses, especially in areas that are seen as globally important growth areas such as ICT development, pharmaceuticals and renewable energy.
  13. 13Define the terms free trade bloc and free market liberalisation:A free trade bloc is an agreement between a group of countries to remove all barriers to trade.
    Free market liberalisation means ending monopoly provision of some services so you can chose your supplier based on quality and price.
  14. 14Describe the importance of special economic zones:In developing countries, governments attempt to promote particular regions as ideal locations for FDI. Countries such as China, Mexico, India and the Philippians began to create special economic zones, free trade zones or export processing zones. China led the way in 1980 when it opened it's door to FDI and created the Shenzen special economic zone, about 50 million people in more than 100 countries work in such places.
    SEZ are tariff and quota free, allowing manufactured goods to be exported at no cost. Unions are often banned, so workers cannot strike or complain.
    Infrastructure such as port facilities, roads, power and water connections are provided by the government, providing subsidy for investors and lowering their costs. All profits may be sent to company HQ's overseas, taxes are usually very low and often there is a tax free period of up to 10 years after a company invests. Environmental regulations are typically limited. China benefited hugely from SEZ's as FDI poured into the area, however, concerns have been raised as to the treatment of workers in these areas, +ENVRNMNT
  15. 15How is globalisation measured?Economic globalisation is measured by cross border trade, investment and money flows.
    Social globalisation is measured by international telephone calls, tourist flows, resident foreign population and access to foreign internet, media and brands
    Political globalisation is measured by foreign embassies in a country, the number of international organisations the country is a member of and trade agreements and other agreements with other countries.
  16. 16What does the AT Kearney index show?The AT Kearney global cities index measures how economically successful cities are, in 2016, London, New York, Paris, Hong Kong were ranked as the most successful global cities.
  17. 17Explain the importance of TNC's in globalisation:TNC's have been a major driver of globalisation, Walmart has a turnover of 482 billion dollars in 2016, with 2.3 million employees, equivalent to the GDP of poland. Investment decisions by TNC's can be a blessing and a curse. TNC's create connections that tie local and national economies into our global economic system. The have contributed by: Outsourcing some parts of their businesses, administration and data processing, to third party companies. Bangalore in India has become known as a location for TNC call centres.
    Offshoring some parts of their business to cheaper foreign locations.
    Developing new markets: many TNCs that initially set up in factories in asia, now sell their products there.
    Glocalisation: adapting brands and products to suit local market tastes. Mc Donald's.
  18. 18What are the negatives of TNC's:TNC's have been accused of exploiting workers in the developing worlds by paying very low wages. Outsourcing jobs to the developing world can lead to a loss of jobs in the developed world. Local cultures and traditions can be eroded by TNC brands and western ideas.
  19. 19Explain why some countries remain switched off to globalisation:Political isolation: North Korea has deliberately isolated itself off from the world, shunning world trade and limiting the use of technologies such as mobile phones and internet in pursuit of it's own state ideology.
    Physical isolation: The Himalaya mountain countries of Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet are isolated by terrain and winter snow, limiting their connections to the outside world.
    Economic isolation- rural parts of sub-Saharan africa, especially the sahel are dominated by subsistence farming economy with food produced to eat, not sell. These places are poor, and their capacity to create connections is limited.
    Environmental barriers: Harsh desert climates, extreme polar cold and dense tropical forests all limit the development of transport and trade connections.
  20. 20Describe the causes and effects of the global shift to Asia:In the last 30 years, the global economic centre of gravity has shifted towards Asia. The shift of manufacturing jobs from Europe, Japan and North America to China and some other Asian countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam, and the shift of service and administration jobs to India, particularly the city of Bangalore.
  21. 21Outline some of the costs and some of the benefits of the global shift to asia:Benefits: Major investment in roads, ports, airports and power infrastructure; china built 11,000km of new motorways in 2015 alone. A shift from informal, insecure employment to waged employment with a set income and some security. TNC's invest in training and skills development to improve workforce productivity and some skills are transferable. Major reductions in regional poverty, 600,000,000 Chinese were lifted out of poverty between 1992 and 2015.
    Costs: Urban sprawl and loss of productive farmland and forests, New developments tend to be unplanned and sometimes poorly built, lacking key public services, pressure on natural resources especially water supply as new factories demand resources, Low wages, long working hours, lack of union representation and possible exploitation of workers. Rapid loos in tradition such as local foods and dress as the pace of urban and industrial change is so rapid.
  22. 22Outline the environmental costs of the global shift to asia:Severe air pollution in cities like Beijing, where air pollution is well above WHO safe limits, Beijing's 6 million cars and coal-burning power stations are the source of this pollution, close to 50% of the world's coal is burnt in china. Around 50% of China's rivers and lakes and 40% of it's groundwater is polluted-so much that it is unsafe to drink untreated. Over 20% of china is subject to desertification and severe soil erosion.
  23. 23Outline the effects of the global shift on developed countries:For developed countries, the global shift has lead to deindustrialisation. A positive aspect of this is lower industrial pollution levels, however economic restructuring has caused a number of social and economic problems in many former industrial cities such as Detroit, Chicago, Manchester and Dortmund.
    Declining populations: Detroit's population fell from 1.5million in 1960 to 0.7 million in 2012, as a result of the closure of it's car factories.
    Partly due to poverty, Detroit has one of the highest crime rates in the USA.
    About 4% of all land in Glasgow is derelict, this land is mostly disused factory sites and is often contaminated by industrial waste, making it costly to reuse.
    Unemployment is usually high in deindustrialised cities. In 2016, it was 6% in Pittsburgh USA and 9% in Hull.
  24. 24Explain the growth of megacities:The growth of megacities has arisen from rural-urban migration, in emerging countries, 60% of urban growth is caused by rural-urban migration and 40% by birth rates in cities.
  25. 25Describe the social and environmental challenges of megacity growth:Social challenges: Housing is in short supply, leading to the growth of slums and shanty towns that lack water, power and sewers, Poverty is rife, because wages are low and jobs are in short supply, many people have dangerous, informal jobs. Lack of taxes means city governments struggle to supply essential health and education services. Lack of water and sanitation means disease and illness are common in slums.
    Environmental problems: Sprawling slums at the city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland increase flood risk. Wood fires, old vehicles and industry mean levels of air pollution are very high. Rivers and lakes are polluted with sewage and industrial waste, making health problems worse. Critical resources, especially water are in short supply because of souring demand.
  26. 26Explain how global hub cities can attract international migrants:HQ's and offices of TNC's are often located in global hubs, so high paid professionals are attracted to these places and this creates huge wealth.
    These global elite migrants often employ maids, drivers, nannies and gardeners
    This attracts low skills migrants such as Indian and Bangladeshi migrants moving to the UAE
    Further low skill, low wage migrants are used as construction workers for office and apartment blocks in global hubs.
  27. 27Outline the costs and benefits of globalisation for the source country:Remittances boost the incomes of families, but the loss of skilled workers from the economy is damaging, contact with a different culture can be positive, but families are broken up as young males tend to migrate. Mass emigration can be seen as a failure to provide for people at home, but emigration can reduce the pressure on resources if the population is large.
  28. 28Outline the costs and benefits of globalisation for the host country:Low wages workers fill skills gaps, some host population workers can't get jobs, migrants can counteract an ageing population, demand for housing, education and healthcare rises, cultural tension with the migrant population, can lead to demand for more housing and therefore less greenspace; possible overcrowding.
  29. 29Describe the characteristics of the emerging global culture:Globalisation has often been said to have spread a westernised global culture which originates in North America and Europe, and is based on:
    Wealth creation, earning money in order to buy more consumer goods and high levels of consumption, private enterprise, success measured by how wealthy you are, fashion, technology and trends which are important in western culture, an attitude that the physical environment should be exploited for it's natural resources to create wealth.
  30. 30Explain the cause and effects of cultural diffusion:Western culture has spread through cultural diffusion, migration has dramatically increased cultural diffusion, as migrants move, so bring different people into contact with each other, other factors such as tourism, the spread of TNC's and global media organisations have been key too.
  31. 31Describe some ways globalisation has been met with opposition:The spread of western globalisation has been strongly opposed by some groups, groups such as occupy wall street and global justice movement argue that globalisation has: dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, leading to problems such as deforestation, water pollution and loss of biodiversity, exploited workers especially in emerging countries who suffer from low wages, dangerous working conditions and lack of representation. passed political and economic power into the hands of TNC's and uncaring governments. Created increased inequality and created cultural erosion
  32. 32Discuss Globalisation and the development gapThe development gap refers to the difference between the richest and poorest people, this can be between countries- in 2015, Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 per year compared to $220 in south sudan, or within countries, china's coastal cities per capita incomes are over $10,000, whereas in the rural west, they are bellow $2000
  33. 33How is the wealth gap measured?Measuring the wealth gap between the rich and the poor is not easy, geographers use single measures such as life expectancy or GDP per capita because they give an easy to use and understand, headline measure for development. However single measures are not always accurate. Instead, composite indices are used. They combine several data points in to an index, such as the HDI index, combining life expectancy, income, years in education and the gender equality index which combines the reproductive health of women, their participation in the work force and empowerment. Purchasing power is often used instead to GDP because it takes into account the cost of living.
  34. 34What does the lorenz curve show?The lorenz curve plots income inequality within countries measured using the gini coefficient.
  35. 35Discuss the winners and losers of Globalisation:Winners: there are 1800 billionaires worldwide in 2016, most of which have made their wealth through ownership of global T.N.C's, Developed countries have proved very good at maintaining their wealth, the rising middle class of factory and call centre workers in asia, whose incomes have risen as a result of offshored and outsorced jobs. People who work for T.N.C's in developed countries who have high income and reasonable job security, but high-stress lives.
    Losers: Isolated rural populations, in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where subsistence farming still dominates and global connections are thin. Workers in old industrial cities who have lost their jobs, workers in sweatshop factories in emerging countries, they suffer from exploitation, slum dwellers in developing world megacities like lagos as the reality of urban life is often much worse than they expected.
  36. 36How are the environmental impacts of globalisation measured?The environmental impact of globalisation is usually measured using ecological footprints: Sweden's income per capita has grown hugely since 1970, but it's ecological footprint has not. This suggests that economic development in Sweden has not affected the quality of the environment and that environmental management maintains biodiversity, water and air quality. China's ecological footprint has steadily risen, since 2001, rising Chinese incomes correlate with large increases in ecological footprint. This suggests that economic development in china comes at a very high cost.
  37. 37Describe the causes and effects of migration through globalisation :Causes: Open borders to migration within the EU since 1995, FDI , encouraging TNC workers to move overseas, deregulation of some job markets, allowing foreign qualified workers, humanitarian crisis, like the Syrian civil war has seen large numbers of refugees flee to Europe since 2011.
    Effects: The UK Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the EU had the scale and pace of immigration as a key area for debate. Anti-immigration political parties have been rising in popularity since 2010, for example UKIP in the UK, the front national in France and the freedom party of Austria. In 2014, 51% of Swiss voted in favour of stopping mass immigration in a national referendum.
  38. 38How have some countries tried to control the spread of globalisation?The internet was banned in North Korea, because the state does not want their people to have access to western ideas,
    In china the internet is used very widely by 52% of the population in 2016, but it is censored, with some searches for politically sensitive topics getting no results.
    Since 2010, the UK has sought to reduce immigration using a points system, but with only limited results because EU immigration cannot be controlled.
    Other countries such as Australia also use points based immigration systems to match immigrants to economic needs and job vacancies.
    Trade protectionism is still common: oil exports are banned in the US, so all domestically produced oil must be used in the USA, India restricts foreign companies investing in it's retail sector to protect Indian small shopkeepers from competition.
  39. 39How has Canada fought to preserve the identity of the first nations:The first Nations are the original population of Canada, existing before European immigration. They consist of Indian bands such as cree and Lenape.
    An assembly of the first nations promotes the rights and needs of first nations people at a national level.
    After decades of being taught to be Canadian in boarding schools, modern first nations schools teach native languages and traditions. Within Indian reservation territories, bands are largely self-governing, allowing them to make key decisions about their future. Festivals and other meetings help preserve the first nations tradition of oral histories and other traditions. There are about 100 first nation and Innuit cultural education centres funded by the canadian government to help to preserve and develop first nation cultures and traditions.
  40. 40Describe some of the issues posed by sweatshops:To grow cotton to make denim fabric uses 13,000 litres of water.
    Bangladesh's 3.5 million workers earn about £25 a month.
    Many textile workers work 24 hour days in appalling conditions
    Jeans need to be transported by ship from Bangladesh which burns fuel oil and releases greenhouse gases.
  41. 41Describe some proposed solutions for sustainable globalisation:Transition Towns - Founded in 2006, the NGO transition network encourages towns to grow their own food in community gardens (not import it) and reduce energy used in transport eg cycling and recycling waste. Some areas such as Exeter and stroud use their own local currencies to encourage local trade.
    Fair trade: fair trade pays farmers in developing countries a guaranteed price for their produce, plus a fair trade premium payment, to reduce the inequalities of global trade. The aim to make incomes more sustainable.
    Ethical consumption schemes: founded in 1993, the FSC forest stewardship, uses logo on wood from sustainable sources, respect rights of indigenous people and forestry workers are well paid and treated.

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A level Geography Flashcards on Mr Worldwide, created by toby blewett on 25/03/2018.
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