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Unit 2B - The changing economic world

finn squires Geography Year 11 English 83 cards

Cards in this deck (83)

  1. 1What is development?Development is the progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made. When country develops it basically gets better for the people living there - their quality of life improves (e.g. their wealth, health and safety).The level of development in different countries, e.g. France is more developed than Ethiopia. The difference in development between more and less developed countries is called the global development gap.
  2. 2What is gross national income (GNI)?The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. Often given in US$. Its a measure of wealth, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  3. 3What is GNI per head?The GNI divided by the population of a country. It's also often given in US$ and is sometimes called GNI per capita. A measure of wealth, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  4. 4What is gross domestic product (GDP)?The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year, it's often given US$. A measure of wealth, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  5. 5What is birth rate?The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year. A measure of women's rights. As a country develops it gets lower.
  6. 6What is death rate?The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. Its a measure of health, as a country develops, it gets lower.
  7. 7What is infant mortality rate?The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born. It's a measure of health, as a country develops, it gets lower.
  8. 8What are people per doctor?The average number of people for each doctor. It's a measure of health, as a country develops, it gets lower.
  9. 9What is literacy rate?The percentage of adults who can read and write. Its a measure of education, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  10. 10What is access to safe water?The percentage of people who can get clean drinking water. Its a measure of health, as a country develops it gets higher.
  11. 11What is life expectancy?The average age a person can expect to live to. Its a measure of health, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  12. 12What is the human development index (HDI)?This is a number that's calculated using life expectancy, education level (e.g. average number of years of schooling) and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed). Its a measure of lots of things, as a country develops, it gets higher.
  13. 13Why is using more than one measure of development a better way of measuring development?Individual indicators can be misleading if they are used on their own because as a country develops, some aspects develop before others, so it might seem more developed than it actually is. Using more than one measure or the HDI avoids these problems.
  14. 14Describe the economic development of countries?Richer countries (MEDCs) are generally found in the north, e.g. USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Poorer countries (LEDCs) are generally found in the south, e.g. China, Mexico, Brazil and all the African countries. But using this classification we couldn't tell which countries were developing quickly and which weren't really developing at all. Nowadays, countries are classified into more categories.
  15. 15What are higher income countries (HICs)?HICs are the wealthiest countries in the world, where the GNI per head is high and most citizens have a high quality of life, for example; UK, USA, Canada, France.
  16. 16What are lower income countries (LICs)?LICs are the poorest countries in the world, where the GNI per head is very low and most citizens have a low quality of life, for example; Afganistan, Somalia, Uganda and Nepal.
  17. 17What are newly emerging economies (NEEs)?NEEs are rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry (agriculture) to secondary industry (manufacturing). Quality of life for many citizens is improving; for example; China, Brazil, Russia, India.
  18. 18How can judging economic development on wealth be misleading?GNI per head can be misleading on its own because it is an average - variations within the country don't show up.
    1. It can hide variation between regions in a country, and between classes - the rich in big cities may have much higher measures of development than the poor in rural areas.
    2. for example, if you looked at the GNI per head of Russia it might seem quite developed (because it's high enough to be a HIC), but in reality, there are a small number of extremely wealthy people and a lot of very poor people.
  19. 19Breifly describe how development is linked to the demographic transition model (DTM)?1. the DTM shows how changing birth rates and death rates affect population growth.
    2. when birth rate>death rate, more people are being born than are dying, so the population grows - natural increase. When death rate>birth rate its natural decrease.
    3. birth/death rates differ from country to country. This means that population growth is faster in some countries than others, especially in less developed countries.
  20. 20Describe the first stage of the DTM?Stage 1 is the least developed - the birth rate is high becuase there is no use of contraception. People also have lots of children becuase poor healthcare means that many infants die. The death rate is also high due to poor healthcare or famine, and life expectancy is low (few people reach old age). Income is very low.
  21. 21Describe the second stage of the DTM?stage 2 is not very developed - many LICs are in stage 2. The economy is based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms, which means birth rates are high. Death rates fall due to improved healthcare and diet so life expectancy increases.
  22. 22Describe the third stage if the DTM?stage 3 is more developed - most NEEs are at stage 3. The birth rate falls rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and better education. The use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children. The economy also changes to manufacturing, so income increases and fewer children are needed to work on farms. Healthcare improves so life expectancy increases.
  23. 23Describe the forth and fifth stages of the DTM?stage 4/5 are the most developed - most HICs are at one of these stages. Birth rates are low becuae people want possessions and a high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives, so there is less money available for having children. Healthcare is good, so the death rate is low and life expectancy is high. Income is also high.
  24. 24How does a poor climate affect how developed a country is?If a country has a poor climate (really hot/dry/cold) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced. In some countries this can lead to malnutrition, e.g. in Chad and Ethopia. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life. People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services, this also reduces their quality of life. The governement gets less money from taxes (as less is sold and bought). This means there's less to spend on developing the country, e.g. to spend on improving healthcare and education.
  25. 25How does poor farming land affect how developed a country is?If the land in a country is steep or has poor soil (or no soil) then they wont produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate.
  26. 26How does few raw materials affect how developed a country is?Countries without many raw materials like coal, oil or metal ores tend yo make less money becuase they've got fewer products to sell. This means they have less money to spend on development. Some countries do have a lot of raw materials but still arent very developed becuase they dont have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them (e.g. roads and ports).
  27. 27How does lots of natural hazards affect how developed a country is?Countries that have a lot of natural disasters (e.g. Bangladesh, which floods regularly) have to spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters occur. So natural disasters reduce quality of life for the people affected, and they reduce the amount of money the government has to spend on development projects.
  28. 28How does colonisation affect development?Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence thn they would be if they had not been colonised. European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlledd the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves. This was bad for African development as it made Africa dependent on Europe, and led to famine and malnutrition.
  29. 29How does conflict affect development?War, especially civil wars, can slow or reduce levels of development even after the war is over. E.g. healthcare becomes much worse and things like infant mortality increase a lot. Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development, people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property. For example, 10 years after the civil war in Uganda ended in 1986, levels of development had barely returned to pre-war levels.
  30. 30How does poor trade links affect development?Trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. World trade patterns seriously influence a country's economy and so affect their level of development. If a country has trade links (it trades a small amount with only a few countries) it wont make a lot of money, so there'll be less to spend on development.
  31. 31How does lots of debt affect development?Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations, e.g. to help cope with the aftermath of a natural disaster. This money has to be paid pack (sometimes with interest). Any money a country makes is used to pay back the debt, so isnt used to developed.
  32. 32How does an economy based on primary products affect tourism?Countries that mostly export primary products (raw materials) tend to be less developed becuase you dont make much profit by selling primary products, and their prices fluctuate (sometimes falls below the cost of production). This means people dont make much money so the government has less to spend on development. Countries that export manufactured goods tend to be more developed becuase you usually make a decent profit by selling manufactured goods. Wealthy countries can also force down the pricee of raw materials that they buy from poorer countries.
  33. 33What are the differences in wealth created by uneven development?People in more developed countrie have higher income than those in less developed countries. For example, GNI per head in the UK is over 40 times higher than in Chad.
  34. 34What are the diferences in health created by unneven development?Healthcare in more developed ccountries is better than in less developed countries. People in HICs live much longer - e.g. the UK's life expectancy is 81, but in Chad its only 51. Infant mortality is also much higher in less developed countries - e.g. it is 85 per 1000 births in Chad, compared to 4 per 1000 births in the UK.
  35. 35What are the differences in international migration created by development?If neighbouring or nearby countries have a higher level of development, people will seek to enter that country to make use of the opportunities it provides to improve their quality of life. For example, Mexico (NEE) borders USA (HIC). Every year over 130,000 Mexicans move to the USA legally (and thousands more enter illegally) to seek better-paid jobs and a higher quality of life.
  36. 36How does aid reduce the development gap?Aid is given by one country to another as money or resources (e.g. food, doctors). It is spent on development projects. Aid can definitely help, but sometimes it is wasted by corrupt governments. Or once the money runs out, projects can stop working if there aren't enough knowledge and support to keep the projects going.
  37. 37Give three examples of development projects?1. constructing schools to improve literacy rates.
    2. building dams and wells to improve clean water supplies.
    3. providing farming knowledge and equipment to improve agriculture.
  38. 38How does debt relief reduce the development gap?Debt relief is when some or all of a country's debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered. This means they have more money to develop rather than pay back the debt. For example, Zambia (S.Africa) had $4 billion of debt cancelled in 2005. In 2006, the country has enough money to start a free healthcare scheme for millions of people living in rural areas, improving their quality of life.
  39. 39How does investment reduce the development gap?Foreign-direct investment (FDI) is when people or companies in one country buy property or infrastructure in another. FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise, and improved infrastructure, improved industry and an increase in services.
  40. 40How does industrial development reduce the development gapIn countries with a very low-level development, agriculture makes up a large portion of the economy. Developing industry increases GNI and helps improve levels of development as productivity, levels of skill and infrastructure are improved.
  41. 41How does tourism reduce the development gap?Tourism can also provide increased income as there will be more money entering the country. Countries like Kenya are using tourism to increase their level of development.
  42. 42How does microfinance loans reduce the development gap?Microfinance is when small loans are given to people in LICs who may not be able to get loans from traditional banks. The loans enable them to start their own businesses and become financially independent. Although microfinance works for some people, it's not clear that microfinance can reduce poverty on a large scale.
  43. 43How does far trade reduce the development gap?The fair trade movement is all about farmers getting a fair price for goods produced in LICs, e.g. coffee and bananas, allowing them to provide for their families. Companies who want to sell products labelled as 'fair trade' have to pay producers a fair price. Buyers also pay extra on top of that to help develop the area where the goods come from, e.g. to build schools or health centres. But there are problems - only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches the original producers. Much goes to retailers' profits.
  44. 44How does using intermediate technology reduce the development gap?Intermediate technology includes tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy or build and cheap to maintain. For example, solar-powered LED light bulbs are used in parts of Nepal where the only other lighting options are polluting and dangerous kerosene lamps or wood fires. This allows people to work in their homes or businesses, and children to study, after dark. As a result, skills, incomes and industrial output can increase, which helps reduce the development gap.
  45. 45Why does Tunisia attract tourists?Tunisia is an LIC is East Africa. It attracts tourists due to:
    sandy beaches
    cultural heritage e.g. el Jem amphitheatre
    sahara desert
    package holidays with Thompson
    it has Mediterranean climates
    Tunisia's northern coastline is close to Europe making it easily accessible.
  46. 46What are the five benefits of tourism in Tunisia?1. Tunisia is now one of the wealthiest countries in Africa. The income of Tunisians quadrupled in the 1970s.
    2. Benefits have also spread to the agricultural sector, which supplies hotels with food.
    3. More families can now afford to send their children to school and even university.
    4. Literacy rates have increased from 66% to 79% since 1995. Education is now compulsory for girls, this changed due to connecting Tunisia to their places and cultures.
    5. Higher incomes translate into longer life expectancy as diet & health improved. Tunisia's government invests 4% of GDP in health.
  47. 47What are the three problems of tourism in Tunisia?1. Terrorism - in 2015, there were 2 terrorist attacks aimed at tourists. European governments say Tunisia is no longer a safe destination, which means less foreign investment.
    2. Pollution - some of Tunisia's beaches have been polluted with untreated sewage from hotels.
    3. Only a small proportion of the money earned goes to the locals. The rest goes to big companies based in HICs.
  48. 48What are trans-national corporations (TNC)?TNCs are companies that are located in or produce and sell products in, more than one country, e.g. Sony is TNC - it makes electronic products in China and Japan. TNC factories are usually located in poorer countries because of labour is cheaper, and there are fewer environmental and labour regulations, which means they make more profit. They can improve the development of countries they work in by transferring jobs, skills and money to less developed countries, reducing the development gap. TNC offices and headquarters are usually located in richer countries because there are more people with administrative skills (because education is better).
  49. 49What are the four advantages of TNCs?1. TNCs create jobs in all the countries they're located in.
    2. Employees in poorer countries get a more reliable income compared to jobs like farming.
    3. TNCs spend money to improve the local infrastructure, e.g. airports and roads.
    4. New technology (e.g. computers) and skills are brought to poorer countries.
  50. 50What are the four disadvantages of TNCs?1. Employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages than employees in richer countries.
    2. Employees in poorer countries may have to work long hours in poor conditions.
    3. Most TNCs come from richer countries so the profits go back there - they aren't reinvested in the poorer countries the TNC operates in.
    4. The jobs created in poorer countries aren't - the TNC could relocate the jobs to another country at any time.
  51. 51Describe the location of Nigeria?It's a country in West Africa, just north of the equator, its south coast on the Gulf of Guinea. A population of 184million people, much larger than any other African country. Nigeria has graduated from LIC to an NEE. It overtook South Africa as the largest economy in Africa in 2014.
  52. 52Give two key points about Nigeria's social/cultural context?1. has more than 500 different ethnic groups, each with its own language.
    2. rural-urban migration has broken down some of the traditional boundaries, but ethnic identities still exist.
  53. 53Give three key points about Nigeria's environmental context?1. moving north from the equator, the climate becomes drier and this determines the type of vegetation in the area.
    2. tropical rainforest in the south of Nigeria, savanna grassland further north.
    3. most natural vegetation has been replaced by agriculture - cocoa and oil palm in the south, peanuts in the north.
  54. 54Give two key points about Nigeria's political context?1. since independence in 1960, Nigeria has progressed from a civil war, through military dictatorships, to a stable democracy. Political improvements allowed Nigeria to develop more rapidly as businesses now have confidence investing in the region.
    2. there is still conflict. In the north, Boko Haram (extremist group) wants to abolish democracy and set up its own government under its version of Islamic law. 17000 people have been killed and 500,000 have fled.
  55. 55What are the main changes in the industrial structure of Nigeria?Nigeria is changing from a mainly agricultural economy into an industrial economy. Over 50% of the GDP comes from manufacturing & service industries. This shows a change from rural to urban population. The fastest growing industries are: telecommunications, retail and wholesale, the film industry (Nollywood).
  56. 56What is the importance of oil and manufacturing?Oil was discovered in Nigeria in the 1950s. Oil and gas account for 14% of Nigeria's GDP and 95% of its exports. However, the country's dependence on oil makes it vulnerable to changes in the global oil prices. When the prices fell in 2015, it damaged the economy.
  57. 57What are the benefits of TNCs in Nigeria?1. shell companies in Nigeria employ 6,000 direct employees and contractors (90% Nigerian)
    2. as of 2010, shell companies in Nigeria had trained some 1,900 service providers, developed 8 local dredging companies, awarded 10 UK scholarship and trained more than 3,000 people.
    3. shell paid some $31 billion in taxes to the Nigerian government between 2006 and 2010.
    4. shell has provided infrastructure; building roads, schools, clinics and providing potable water. They are a major supporter of the education of young children, with over 17,000 children on shell scholarship at any point in time.
  58. 58What are the problems of TNCs in Nigeria?1. the delta region contains important wetland and coastal ecosystem. Most people depend on the environment for their livelihood, through farming or fishing. Oil kills fish.
    2. oil heated by the sun becomes highly flammable and can burn out of control. Gas flares are used to burn off gas from the oil. Apart from being wasteful, the fumes affect people's health and contribute to global warming.
    3. oil spills from leaking pipelines damage farmland so crops no longer grow.
    4. tensions between native Ogoni people of the Niger Delta and Shell. Locals concerned about environmental damage and that money from oil was not getting to locals. They live in poverty & poor health while Shell makes millions.
  59. 59Describe Nigeria's relationship with the wider world?Britain had a trading relationship with West Africa for over 300 years. From 1650, the British traded in slaves. When slavery was made illegal in 1807, the trade turned into palm oil, used in Britain to make soap.
    When Nigeria became independent Nigeria exported natural commodities to Britain in exchange for manufactured goods.
    Nigeria still trades with the UK but more so with the world's largest economies, like the USA, China and India.
    Nigeria's main import partner for manufactured goods is now China.
    Nigeria needs huge investment in infrastructure, particularly its transport network and power supply. In 2014, the China railway construction corporation won a $12billion contract to build a new 1400km railway along the coast of Nigeria.
    China's fast-growing economy needs more resources than the country can provide for itself. It finds these in Nigeria.
  60. 60Why is aid needed in Nigeria?60% of the population living in poverty (<$1/day)
    Birth rates high
    Infant mortality rates high
    life expectancy low
    Nigeria has on of the highest death rates from malaria in the world - the diseases cause long-term health problems.
  61. 61What are the four main types of aid?Short-term aid - intended to help countries cope with emergencies.
    Long-term aid - helps the country to become more developed.
    Top-down aid - when an organisation or government receives aid and decides how it should be spent. Often larger schemes such as dams.
    Bottom-up aid - money is given directly to local people e.g. to build or maintain a wall.
  62. 62How does aid benefit Nigeria?-in 2014, the World Bank approved $500million to fund development projects and provide long-term loans and businesses. This helps to reduce the over-dependence on oil exports.
    -aid from the USA helps to educate and protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV.
    -the UK Department for international development has funded health and HIV programme, providing health education in rural areas.
    -the NGO nets for life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to many households.
    BUT:
    -donors may have political influence over what happens to aid.
    -money may be used to promote the commercial self-interest of the donor.
    -corruption in the government and by individuals means some aid doesn't reach those intended.
  63. 63What are the environmental impacts of economic development?-70-80% of forests have been destroyed through logging, farming, urbanisation etc.
    -with increased energy consumption, fossil fuels release pollution and grouse house gasses. Lagos is one of the world's most polluted cities. Demand for oil leads to the destruction around the Niger Delta and destroys habitats.
    -waste disposal is a big issue- there are too many people for the system to cope with all of their rubbish.
    -desertification is a big problem due to dams being created and stopping/changing the natural flow of water.
    -there have been many oil spills in the Niger Delta, polluting water systems and harming the environment.
  64. 64What are the effects of economic development on the quality of life for the population?-squatter settlements are common. Living conditions are cramped, access to services limited (schools, clean water, hospitals).
    -new developments have caused violent conflicts between locals as there is competition for success in these areas.
    -more jobs and wages have increased = more to improve their life, e.g. access to clean water and medical care.
  65. 65What are the three key causes of the change in the UK's economy?1. de-industrialisation and the decline of the UK's industrial base - fewer jobs are available in manufacturing and heavy industries (coal and steel). These industries were once a primary source of employment and income for the UK GDP.
    2. globalisation - a lot of manufacturing has moved overseas, where labour costs are lower, though headquarters have often remained in the UK. Trade with other countries is an increasingly important part of UK GDP.
    3. government policies - government decisions on investment in new infrastructure and technology and support for businesses (e.g. tax breaks) affect how well the economy grows. Membership in government groups, e.g. World Trade Organisation, make it easier for companies in the UK to operate across the world.
  66. 66What are the four important industries?1. services - e.g. retail, entertainment and personal services (e.g. hairdressers). Retail is the UK's largest sector, employing 4.4million people.
    2. information technology - this is now an important part of the UK's economy. Over 60,000 people are in the IT sector by companies like Microsoft and IBM.
    3. finance - the UK, and especially the city of London, is home to many global financial institutions. Some, like HSBC, have their global headquarters in the UK.
    4. research - research and development (R&D) is increasing in the UK, making use of the UK's skilled university graduates. In 2013, nearly £30 billion was spent on R&D in the UK.
  67. 67Describe the location of science and business parks?Quaternary industries are increasingly found in science and business parks, which are often:
    1.on the outskirts of cities near to good transport links, e.g. motorways, A-roads and airports.
    2.near university so that research businesses in science parks can have access to university research, allowing them to develop cutting-edge technology.
    3. close to the housing to accommodate the workforce.
  68. 68Why has the number of science and business parks increased?- there is a large and growing demand for high-tech products. Science parks can help develop new technology for these products.
    - the UK has a high number of strong research universities for businesses on science parks to form links with.
    -clusters of related businesses in one place can boost each other.
  69. 69What are the three main points of evidence for the north-south divide?The decline of heavy industry has had a greater impact on the north than on the south, but the growth of the post-industrial service industry has mostly benefited the south. The three points of evidence are:
    -wages are generally lower in the north than the south, e.g. the 2014 average weekly wage was 40% lower in Huddersfield than London.
    -health is generally worse in the north than the south, e.g. life expectancy for male babies born in Glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years, but in East Dorset, it was 82.9 years.
    -education - GCSE results are generally better in the south of England than the Midlands or the north.
    (there are exceptions to the north-south divide)
  70. 70Give examples of changes in the UK economy that are changing rural areas?1. In Cumbria, the population of some villages has decreased recently, especially in western Cumbria. This is mainly due to there being fewer jobs - agriculture and manufacturing are big industries in Cumbria but they're both in decline.
    2. In North Somerset, the population of some towns and villages have increased a lot in recent years, particularly close to Bristol. People are moving to quieter towns and villages with easy access to the centre of Bristol.
  71. 71What are the two main social and economic effects of the changes in the UK economy?1. As the population has dropped it's caused a decrease in services in Cumbria. Schools, shops and other businesses in some areas are closing. Unemployment is above the national average in two of the seven districts in Cumbria.
    2. In North Somerset, house prices are rising which risks pricing out locals. Roads are congested with people commuting to Bristol, and service like schools are oversubscribed.
  72. 72How does devolving more powers resolve regional differences?Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own devolved governments, and some powers are being devolved to local councils in England too.
    This allows them to use the money on schemes they feel will best benefit the local community, e.g. better public transport or regeneration projects to turn disused buildings into modern office spaces to attract business to the area.
  73. 73How does creating enterprise zones resolve regional differences?55 enterprise zones have been created across England, Scotland and Wales. These offer companies a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones, including:
    -reduced taxes - business rates are reduced by up to 100%.
    -simpler planning rules - certain development (e.g. new industrial buildings) are automatically allowed within enterprise zones.
    -financial benefits - in some enterprise zones, business who invest in buildings or equipment can reduce future tax bills.
    -improved infrastructure - the government ensures superfast broadband is available.
    These measures can be used to encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income which could help to reduce the north-south divide.
  74. 74How does the northern powerhouse resolve regional differences?The northern powerhouse is the government's plan to reduce the inequality between the north and south by attracting investment into the north and improving transport links between northern cities. It has been criticised for being more of a concept than an actual plan.
  75. 75How is the UK improving transport networks?Congested transport networks can slow economic development, so they can improve them by:
    Roads - capacity on motorways is being increased by upgrading to "smart motorways" with extra lanes, e.g. the M4. A new road is being built to link the port of Heysham in Lancashire to M6.
    Railways - Crossrail (currently under construction) will increase central London's rail capacity by 10% when it opens in 2018. The proposed HS2 line linking London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester will increase capacity and allow faster journeys between major English cities if it is built.
    Airports - the UK government has agreed that a new runway is needed in the southeast as existing airports are fill or filling up.
    Ports - a new port, London Gateway, is operating at the mouth of the River Thames. It is able to handle the world's largest container ships and hopes to become a hub for global trade.
  76. 76Describe the UK's trade links?the UK trades globally, with links to the USA, Europe and Asia being particularly significant. The UK's overseas exports are worth over £250billion per year.
  77. 77Describe the UK's culture?the UK's strong creative industries mean that UK culture is exported worldwide, e.g. the Shaun the Sheep TV series is shown in 170 countries.
  78. 78Describe the UK's transport links?the Channel tunnel links the UK to France by rail, providing a route for good and people to access mainland Europe. Large airports like Heathrow act as a hub and provide links to hundreds of countries around the world.
  79. 79Describe the UK's electronic communications?as well was being home to offices for many global IT firms, most of the trans-Atlantic cables (carrying phone lines and internet connections) linking Europe with the USA are routed via the UK.
  80. 80Describe the UK's involvement in the European Union (EU)?the EU is an economic and political partnership of 28 countries. Membership of the EU gives UK citizens and businesses access to a large market without trade or political barriers. It's an important part of the UK's economy - over £130 billion of the UK's exports were to the EU in 2015.
  81. 81Describe the UK's links to the commonwealth?the Commonwealth is an association of 53 independent states, including the UK. It exists to improve the well being of everyone in Commonwealth countries.
  82. 82What are the environmental problems of the car industry?The car industry is one of the biggest industries in the UK, more 1.5million new cars are made in the UK, e.g. Nissan.
    -resources - cars are made from a range of resources including steel, rubber, glass, plastic, paint and fabric. Manufacturing and transporting these resources also uses energy.
    -air pollution - burning petrol or diesel in cars is a major cause of pollution.
    -disposal - cars end up on the scrap heap at the end of their life. Some components are hard to recycle, e.g. plastics. Others, like acid in batteries, can leak into the environment.
    -fuel consumption - drilling for oil uses energy and endangers ecosystems. Shipping oil can oil spills. As oil is used up, new sources are to obtain and can cause more problems.
    -manufacturing - cars consume a lot of energy even before they are driven. It is estimated that manufacturing a car uses as much energy as the car will consume in its lifetime.
  83. 83What are the solutions to the problems of the car industry?-Electric or hybrid cars - these do not pollute the atmosphere.
    -the amount of energy and water used in the production process has also declined. There has also been a dramatic fall in the amount of waste going to landfill sites and the end of the car's life.
    -the average CO2 emissions are also falling.
    -cars will now fail an MOT if they are seen to have too many emissions.
    -Jaguar Land Rover opened a new a new manufacturing centre in Wolverhampton in 2014. It is designed to operate more sustainably - built to maximise natural cooling and natural light to reduce energy use and solar panels that generate 30% of the plant's electricity. Almost all of the waste is recycled with only a small proportion going to landfill.

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