13203963
Description
Flashcards by Emily Bevis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily Bevis
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Johnson's foreign policy stance | - believed USA unbeatable - need to fight for freedom/democracy in V - Domino theory believer - BUT not a foreign policy expert = many advisors - no understanding of the appeal of communism |
| Impact of Kennedy's assassination on foreign policy | - similar advisory team = McNamara, Rusk - policy CONTINUATION - Meant no new approach to Vietnam |
| Vietnam at the start of LBJ Presidency (1963) | - Fall of Diem = high instability/chaos in South - South ruled by MRC (military based) - Minh (MRC General) called for neutralisation - 1964 = Minh replaced with support of US army - General Khanh |
| Problems with Khanh's Vietnam Government 1964 | - ARVN = :( condition despite 20% pay rise - Communists control 40% of South Vietnam - Vietcong (VC) had support of Soviets and Chinese = new weaponry - BUT number of US advisors/aid increased |
| What is NSAM 228? | - 1964 - review US policy in Vietnam - Johnson not afford to look weak on Communism due to 1964 election - further aid = $50m - Increase size/ability of ARVN - 23,300 advisors |
| Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution | - August 1964 - LBJ claim that North Vietnamese ships attacked US ship in the Gulf - Congressional pass right to wage war on Vietnam - BUT Johnson not truthful about why US ship in the Gulf - provoked the north? - Resolution sent LBJ rating up - 42% to 72% |
| What were the Working Groups recommendations on Vietnam? | - Experts to study situation and plan policy - importance of an independent Vietnam to US interests - only stop heavy bombing of North if they agree to negotiate |
| Operation 'Rolling Thunder' | - 1965 Vietnam military campaign - Result of North's aggressive stance - US bombing of targets in Vietnam - LBJ encourage moderate policy - Resulted in deployment of US ground forces in Vietnam (1965) - 3500 marines sent with $700m granted by Congress for military operations |
| Public view escalation of US involvement in Vietnam | - support from Congress despite the "undeclared War" status - 1964 election gave him public mandate - 80% agreed with sending troops - 47% wanted to send even more troops |
| Reasons for US escalation in Vietnam | - North becoming a puppet of USSR and China in attempt to dominate Asia - North had repeatedly attacked South aggressively - To withdraw = reduce US credibility - Work of previous Presidents |
| Tet Offensive | - 1968 - Turning point in V war - Surprise attack from the Northern Communists - Vietcong success = capture imperial capitol of Hue - attack US embassy = propaganda success - Mini-tet in May = worst week/month for US casualties - 2000 killed in month - 562 killed in 1 week |
| The Khe Sanh Base | - same time as 1968 Tet Offensive - US base near the North Vietnamese base - Base surrounded with 20,000 men - 75 day siege - In defence = US heavy bombing campaign (80,000 bombs used) - Eventually based closed down = failure - Kept secret from US public - North used it as propaganda victory |
| Impact of 1968 warfare on the Communists | - The Tet-offensive = cost communists 50-60,000 deaths - VC were forced to rely on NVA troops based in the South - Com. leadership collapsed |
| Impact of 1968 warfare at HOME | - Media coverage = first televised war - 20m watch VC soldier execution live - were the US better than Communists? - opposition to Vietnam ground troops growing - 1965 Uni protests + 1967 cities - King spoke out against war |
| Political impact of 1968 warfare | - War damaging to LBJ/Demo political reputation as lost Congress seats in 1966 midterms - Senior advisors start to support a policy of retreat from war - Macnamara quit over Vietnam policy |
| Why were US unable to defeat the Vietcong? x5 | 1) Ineffective bombing campaign = for every $9.60 spent = $1 of damage 2) Problems on battlefield = 19 y/o av. age and sent home after 365 days = inexperienced, difficult climate 3) 'Hearts and minds' of the Vietnamese = alienated by US soldier abuse - 1968 My Lai massacre (347 unarmed peasants) 4) Problems away from battlefield = 20,529 need drug treatment - 1/4 caught STDs 5) Skill and determination = VC guerrilla/tunnel warfare meant little direct warfare |
| Impact of VW on UK relations | - affected 'special relationship' - leaders didn't agree - Wilson refuse to send supporting troops - Anti-war protests all over world |
| Impact of Vietnam on French relations | - most prominent critic of US Vietnam policy - President Charles de Gaulle spoke of his distrust - thought war was "unjustifiable" - Took advantage of US asian distraction and assumed W. Europe leadership - Withdrew from NATO 1966 - 26,000 US troops removed from France - De Gaulle vetoed UK membership of EEC in 1967 as believed just represent US |
| Impact of Vietnam war on relations with other allies | - S. Korea sent 50,000 troops in 1968 - Thailand = 11,500 troops - Australia = 7700 troop - NZ and Philippines = 3000 troops together - War exposed weakness of SEATO = isolated America - Japan criticised US escalation = sent supplies to both sides |
| Name 2 arms treaties signed under Johnson | - 1967 = Outer-Space Treaty - 1968 = Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons (stop spread of arms) - result of Cuban Missile Crisis = :) relations |
| USA and Israel | - US supply them with weapons - gave Israel crucial edge in 1967 Six-Day War - BUT US stance = anger many other world leaders - why support Israel?? |
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