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Flashcards

international migration

niamh bergin Geography - human English 58 cards

Cards in this deck (58)

  1. 1in 2015, 244 million people / 3.3 % of the worlds pop lived outside of their country of origin, the majority of migrants cross borders in search of better economic and social opportunities others are what ?forced to flee crises such as wars, conflicts, persecution or natural disasters
  2. 2this suggests that the majority of migration is one directional from what ?from LICs to HICs
  3. 3what are the different immigration categories ?- labour migration
    - family migration
    - humanitarian migration
  4. 4about 1/3 of all international migration is from what countries ?one developing country to another
  5. 5around 60% of international migrants reside in countries designated as 'high income' , these include countries such as what ?Bahrain, Brunei, Qatar, Singapore, South Korea and the united arab emirates
  6. 6during large-scale international migration events such as syrian refugee crisis 2016, there can be confusion about the difference between what ?- asylum seekers
    - refugees
    - economic migrants
  7. 7define asylum seekersa person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum under the 1951 convention on the grounds of that they cannot return to their country of origin because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution - while they wait for a decision on their application they are known as an asylum-seeker
  8. 8define economic migranta person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful or unlawful means, employment in another country
  9. 9define refugeea person fleeing, for example, a civil war or a natural disaster but not necessarily fearing persecution as defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention
  10. 10the 1951 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees ( and subsequent 1967 Protocol) is the key legal document in defining what ?who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states
  11. 11there is some overlap between the different categories - for example 'asylum seekers' and 'refugees' are infrequently conflated - the position of asylum seekers is similar to those who enter on short-term visas - how so ?they are granted temporary admission while their applications are pending but if their claim is unsuccessful they have no lawful right to remain in their chosen country of destination
  12. 12people migrate for a number of reasons - these can be categorised as what ?push factors or pull factors
  13. 13what are 'push' factors ?are reasons which are based at the origin of the migration and which initiate the migrants desire to move
  14. 14what are 'pull factors'based on the intended destination of the migrant and attract people
  15. 15people often distinguish between 'forced migration' which is ? and 'voluntary migration'when the individual or family have little choice but to move
  16. 16forced migration is always caused by what ?extreme push factors at the origin i.e. natural disasters or wars
  17. 17UN figures claim that 1 in every 122 people globally is what ?either a refugee, a displaced person or seeking asylum
  18. 18give examples of push factors- war/conflict/political instability
    - ethnic / religious persecution
    - natural / man-made disasters such as tsunamis / earthquakes / drought
    - unemployment / low wages
    - shortage of food
  19. 19give examples of pull factors- better qual of life / standard of living
    - varied employment
    - better healthcare / access to education services
    - political stability / more freedom
    - better life prospects
  20. 20LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: what does the model suggest ?that the process of migration from one area / country to another is not usually a straightforward thing
  21. 21LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: it also suggests the decision to migrate is made by individuals or families based on existing conditions at the origin - the intervening obstacles make the migration what ?a step-by-step process
  22. 22LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: for people to move they need to be 'pushed' from their country of origin and then what?'pulled' to another country
  23. 23LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: the majority of migrants are what ?voluntary movers, doing so for largely economic reasons
  24. 24LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: the negative factors at the origin are the 'push' factors - so what are the pull ?the 'positive' factors at the destination
  25. 25LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: migrant has to do what before they move ?evaluate these factors and obstacles
  26. 26LEE's PUSH-PULL MODEL: intervening obstacles might include what ?- travel costs
    - family pressures
    - language barriers
    - misinformation
    - immigration controls
    - border controls
  27. 27what are the benefits of international migration ?- migrants can access new opportunities
    - destination receives additional skills and labour
    - origin country receives remittances which many relatives increasingly rely on
  28. 28what are the costs of international migration ?- richer countries gain at expense of poorer countries who lose their most talented people
    - migrants to rich countries increase their consumption levels to match the unsustainable levels of their adopted country which puts more pressure on global resources
  29. 29international migration has become another feature of what ?globalisation
  30. 30in the past , the movement of poor people seeking better lives usually took the form of rural to urban migration in developing countries with what appearing in and around major cities ?squatter settlements
  31. 31alternatively refugees avoiding conflict would cross borders and settle in established refugee camps, while these migrations still persist, more recently there has been a 'scaling up' of migration taking place over longer distances - how ?this is largely achieved by organised traffickers but also migrants are better informed and seem willing to take greater risks
  32. 32any notable migration event will have implications for the origin and destination country - how ?first the population size will change as people move from origin to destination + the age and gender characteristics of the migrants will also have an impact on the structure of the population
  33. 33IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the demographic implications on the origin country ?- lower birth rates, people of childbearing age leave country
    - population structure - ageing population remain - population unbalanced
    - loss of male population of working age
  34. 34IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the social implications on the origin that could be regarded as advantages ?- reduced pressure on healthcare
    - reduced pressure on education
  35. 35IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the social implications that could be regarded as disadvantages ?- loss of traditional culture
    - break-up of family units
    - break-up of communities
    - may lose qualified workers such as doctors, nurses and teachers
  36. 36IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the economic implications which would be regarded as advantages ?- reduced pressure on food, energy, water etc
    - less unemployment
    - remittances sent back home by migrants
    - migrants develop new skills which they can bring back home
  37. 37IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the economic implications that would be regarded as disadvantages ?- lose better educated/ most skilled from workforce - braindrain
    - creates a dependency culture on remittances
    - less agricultural and industrial production
    - decline in services
  38. 38IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the political implications ?- pressure to re-develop areas in decline
    - may introduce pro-natal policies
  39. 39IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the environmental implications on origin ?- farmland / buildings / villages abandoned
    - less environmental management
  40. 40IMPLICATIONS ON ORIGIN: what are the health implications ?- migrants leave areas where infectious diseases are endemic or sometimes epidemic
    - less pressure on limited health services
    - demographics of migration mean that the most vulnerable remain at risk
  41. 41IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the demographic implications ?- balances pop structure of previously ageing population
    - migrants in reproductive age groups means increase in BR
    - increase in male population of working age
  42. 42IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the social implications that would be regarded as advantages?- cultural advantages - new foods, music and fashion etc
  43. 43IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the social implications that would be regarded as disadvantages?- pressure on maternal and infant healthcare
    - pressure on schools
    - young male migrants create social problems
    - can give rise to ethnic and racial tensions
    - increase in crime
    -segregation of migrants into certain areas
  44. 44IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the economic implications that would be regarded as advantages ?- overcome any labour/specific skills gap
    - may provide cheap labour who work longer
    - working migrants spend money /pay taxes
    - increases in size of workforce - economic boom
    - reduced dependency
  45. 45IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the economic implications that would be regarded as disadvantages ?- pressure on jobs / unemployment
    - resentment towards migrants in time of recession
  46. 46IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the political implications- pressures to control immigration
    - rise of anti-immigration political parties
    - growth of right-wing racist organisations
  47. 47IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the environmental implications ?- pressure on land for development - roads housing, other infrastructure
    - increased demand for energy, water and food puts pressure on natural resources
  48. 48IMPLICATIONS ON HOST: what are the health implications ?- increase in infectious diseases transmitted by/to migrants from areas of different disease prevalence
    - increased pressure on health services because of rise in infectious diseases
    - increased pressure on health services to treat non-communicable/chronic diseases
  49. 49migration causes what kind of impact ?a fairly immediate impact on the size and structure of the population
  50. 50natural change tends to have what kind of impact ?a more gradual, long-term effect
  51. 51what are the specific impacts on structure : to bolster the economically active proportion of the population and therefore do what ?reduce dependency - spending on goods and services, accommodation together with paying taxes will help support the economy
  52. 52what effect will this have on the origin country ?this will have the reverse effect at the origin where dependency increases and services close due to a lack of support, remittances sent back to relatives may offset these negative effects
  53. 53specific impacts of migration on structure = those of economically active age are also of reproductive age and there is a consequential effect of what ?the birth rate will increase in the destination area or country
  54. 54specific impacts of migration on structure = migration events can be imbalanced in what way ?gender imbalanced
  55. 55HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: DISEASE: disease can be among the driving push or pull factors initially triggering migration, there are a no. of implications for increased migrations across disease disparate regions - give an exampleby the 1980's TB was though to have been virtually eradicated from the UK, however the incidence of TB has gradually increased over the two decades since the 1980's which has largely been attributed to the increase in travel and migration
  56. 56HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: IMPACT ON HEALTH SERVICES: economic migrants pose a disproportionately small burden on health services, they are likely to be relatively light to moderate users of health services - why?as they are relatively young, healthy, employed and disproportionately in professional roles i.e. doctors
  57. 57HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: IMPACT ON HEALTH SERVICES: some migrants do place greater demands on parts of the health service: this is associated with what ?social deprivation, poor english language skills and lack of knowledge of the health system
  58. 58HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: IMPACT ON HEALTH SERVICES: there is mixed evidence of health behaviours and lifestyles of migrants and the impact of these on demand for services - the health of migrants deteriorates with what ?age and length of stay

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Geography - human (population and the environment) Flashcards on international migration, created by niamh bergin on 11/04/2018.
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niamh bergin
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