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| Question | Answer |
| Radical Reconstruction | Radical Republicans wanted to set up high barriers of entry for the South to rejoin the Union, generally wanted to make the South pay for their actions |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Prohibits the US government from denying a citizen’s right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | A group set up after the Civil War that initially had some success in helping freed Blacks find jobs and help set up their lives. Became too expensive and the North forgot about the freed Black people after a short time |
| Sharecropping | Originally supposed to help the poor have their own land to farm, but eventually just became a way to get freed Blacks to work under their previous masters for barely any profits |
| Carpetbaggers | Any Northerner that came to the South after the war with ulterior motives, whether for political, ideological, or professional gain |
| Union League of America | A group established during the Civil war that promoted loyalty to the Union and raised money for the Union, also went together to vote for safety |
| Redeemers | A group of Democrats from the South who were mostly business men and wanted to cleanse the South of the Republican occupation as well as of carpetbaggers and scalawags. Generally wanted to strip the rights given to the newly freed Blacks |
| Compromise of 1876 | A shady under the table deal that allowed the extremely close presidential election to end in a win for the republicans, if they agreed to pull their troops out of the South |
| New National Era | A newspaper that was abolitionist in nature and ran out of D.C. |
| Freedmen’s Bank | A bank set up to help the emancipated Blacks emerge with some sort of financial security, and initially succeeded. Unfortunately, it eventually failed after 10 years |
| Frances Ellen Watkins Harper | A successful abolitionist who was active in social reform and a part of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Wrote several successful books about abolition and black rights |
| Mary Ann Shadd Cary | An abolitionist who was the first black woman publisher in North America as well as first woman publisher in Canada. She edited The Provincial Freeman and was the first female African American Editor of any newspaper in North America |
| Knights of Labor | A labor organization in the 1880’s who demanded better conditions and eight hour workdays. One of the most popular labor unions at the time, it became unorganized and within the first decade lost many of its members. |
| Populism | A political philosophy that encourages the working people’s rights while struggling against the elite (1890’s) too much power for big businesses |
| Dawes Severalty Act | An order adopted by Congress that authorized the division of tribal lands in an effort to bring Native Americans out of poverty. Completely backfired and just led to more hurt feelings as Native Americans land was bought by non-Native Americans |
| Sully County Colored Colony | A community in South Dakota that promised equality for all people and a freedom from the oppression of the South. Was fairly successful for the 50 years it operated |
| Ida B. Wells | A Black Civil Rights leader as well as a journalist. Helped form the NAACP and showed how Blacks were still being intimated and threatened in the South |
| Gilded Age | A name given by Mark Twain that suggested that everything was glittering on the surface but corruption ran rampant. Ran from 1870-1900 |
| Waving the bloody shirt | An expression that referred to Republicans consistent use of their victory in the Civil War as a way to bully Democrats |
| John D. Rockefeller | One of the most famous business families in the United States, Rockefeller was said to control some 90% of oil available in the US at the time. Massively wealthy |
| Pogroms | The ethnic cleansing of Jews specifically in Eastern Europe and Russia, which led to many immigrating to the United States |
| Pale of Settlement | An area of Russia on the western outskirts that was the only area Jews could settle in ( if they wanted to live else where they needed an okay from the government) |
| Tenements | Horrible living conditions in most cities that had hundreds of people living in extremely overcrowded conditions with little oversight and no emergency protocol |
| America fever | Immigrants as well as foreigners started to associate the United States with freedom, better living conditions, and a better quality of life. Was attractive to many migrants and immigrants |
| Public school debate | Started public schools in Massachusetts with taxpayer’s money, paved the way for the public school system we have today (no longer wanted separate schools for Scandinavian children) |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | : An act that stopped all immigration from China at the time because many people on the West Coast were upset with the amount of Chinese coming to the United States |
| Mezzogiorno | Located in Southern Italy, this region had such bad erosion that farming became impossible. Many Italians were forced to immigrate due to famine and lack of jobs, with many coming to the United States |
| Pick and shovel work | Work that was given to Italian immigrants that was back breaking digging canals or working on railroads as they were excluded from factory jobs |
| Festas | Celebration of a patron Saint located in NYC |
| David Hennessy | A well liked police chief in New Orleans that caught a big Italian criminal. Was murdered and the men who were being tried walked. Led to a massive mob and the lynching of 11 of the 19 men, the largest lynching in US history |
| Costa George Najour | A Syrian man who appealed that he was white therefore he should be granted citizenship in the United States. Won the case because of his Caucasian appearance |
| Bhagat Singh Thind | Was an Indian American who wanted citizenship and appealed for it especially considering he was Indian (many Native Americans were known as Indians at the time). Lost because of his Sikh background and his dark skin |
| Silk | An important good that came out of China that was grown there almost exclusively using silk worms. Eventually market crashed, and many Chinese people lost their jobs |
| Peddling | A job where the person often sold spices or another similar goods door to door |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Factory | The fire in New York that led to 146 workers dying and led to a new call for better standards in the workplace and fire exits |
| Uprising of the 30,000 | Over 30,000 Shirtwaist trades along with other clothing producers picketed for better working conditions and more reasonable pay |
| Clara Lemlich | A major supporter and founder of the Uprising, she later became blacklisted for unionizing and became a consumer activist. Also, a Communist which is weird. (shritwaste Strike) |
| Isaac Harris & Max Blanck | Owners of the Triangle Waist Company. Became extremely frustrated with the strike and hired thugs and prostitutes to harass protestors |
| Anne Morgan | A labor organizer who helped found the Women’s Trade Union League. Pushed for safer conditions and less hours a day of work, (daughter of JP Morgan, one of the richest men in country) |
| Women’s Trade Union League | A labor union that worked to unionize women garment workers and get rid of sweatshop conditions, which it did well (also had upper class women involved, and generally supported working women) |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts | AN act passed in 1917 that made support of any government other than the US, including Communism, that allowed punishment. Also made it illegal to interfere with military operations/ recruitment, and many people debated whether this was a violation of the first amendment |
| Immigration Restriction League | A powerful group of men started by three Harvard graduates in 1894. Proposed a literacy test for all immigrants and quota systems (wanted to pass a law for immigrants to show that they are literate in a laguage) |
| World War I | Also known as The Great War, it included many of the World Powers. US initially stayed out, but were partial to England. After several cases of passenger ships being sank, along with the Zimmerman Telegram, the US entered the war |
| Red Scare | The first of many Communist “scares” in the United States. There was a witch-hunt for Communists and led to several thousand people being deported for counter-cultural beliefs. Mostly based on paranoia and fear |
| Loyalty Oaths | Oaths many teachers as well as federal employees signed saying that they would follow the United States lead and support the US government. The government feared that spies could undermine Capitalism and end up Communist |
| 100% Americanism | An ideology that came after the first world war, which celebrated everything considered American, while attacking anything considered different |
| Michael Hofer | : Seen as a martyr to his community because he was Amish and refused to enter draft and was imprisoned |
| Johnson-Reed Act | Set a quota on the number of immigrants allowed to come to the United States in 1924, discriminated heavily against Eastern and Southern Europeans as they were considered less valuable |
| Louis Adamic | A famous Slovenian who moved between the US and Slovenia and advocated for the ethnic diversity of the United States. Talked about his return to Slovenia and how he felt like he wasn’t a citizen of his home country, nor the US. |
| The Native’s Return | An Americans experience of moving back to Yugoslavia after being in the US and not feeling like his home. Written by Louis Adamic |
| Mexican-Americans | A group that was often used for hard menial labor and were allowed to immigrate freely after the Johnson Reed Act. Often overworked and underpaid and widely discriminated against |
| Civil Liberties | Individual rights protected by law from unjust governmental or other interference |
| Repatriation | Specifically in the case of Mexicans it was the sending of them back to Mexico, with little to no support for them on the other side despite living in the United States for decades at a time |
| La Placita Raid | A raid that took place on a Mexican park that involved hundreds of people being deported because they didn’t have their documents |
| Issei | A first generation immigrant to the United States (Japanese), could not become a citizen/ own land |
| Nisei | A person born in America with Japanese parents were immigrants, (children of the Issei, Citizens of U.S.) |
| Kibei | A person born in America of Japanese descent that returned to Japan for schooling, to eventually return to the United States. (Citizens of U.S.) |
| Internment | The US governments reaction to WW2. Japanese people were held in these camps that were in lock down and had armed security. Forced to uproot their lives and live in the interior of the country |
| March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom | A march on Washington that demanded more job opportunities for Blacks. Featured MLK’s I Have a Dream speech ( desegregated federal jobs or and jobs that got aid/ paid through government) |
| Manzanar Disturbance | A protest that occurred in Manzanar Internment Camp because of mismanagement of the camps finances that ended in two dead and 10 injured |
| Harry Ueno | Mess hall Japanese American worker who started the Manzanar disturbance (he reported camp higher ups stealing things) Caused a strike from being arrested |
| Statement of United States Citizens of Japanese Ancestry | A loyalty test that was used to try to determine the likelihood of a Nisei being considered for military positions |
| Questions 27 & 28 | Questions from the Statement of United States Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, they asked about whether the person would serve in the military and swear unwavering allegiance to the United States, despite not all being citizens |
| War Brides | After World War 2 there was a massive influx in wives coming back with their American Husbands from Japan |
| The House I Live In | : A short film featuring Frank Sinatra that focused on teaching youngsters to not be Anti-Semitic, and that its okay to have different religions |
| Emmanuel Cellar | A representative to the House from New York, he strongly opposed immigration quotas |
| Luce-Cellar Act | An act that limited 100 immigrants from the Philippines and India a year (1946) |
| McCarran-Walter Act | An act that established a preference for immigration and placed more importance on labor qualifications, removed racial restrictions on immigration. Started to not allow people from communist political ideology (1953) |
| Gentleman’s Agreement | AN agreement that the Japanese would stop sending their immigrants to the United States, in exchange for loosened restrictions on immigration. Mostly a respect thing |
| Harry S Truman | The thirty third president of the United States, best known for dropping the atomic bomb on Japan and closing out the Second World War as well as implementing the Fair Deal |
| Truman Commission on Civil Rights | The President created a commission to investigate and propose strengthening civil rights for all people in the United States ( Right after second World War) Helped raise awareness to whites |
| Fair Deal | The ambitious set of proposals that encouraged more social reform including fair employment, better education, and university health insurance |
| “Had Enough?” | A slogan used by the republicans in the 1946 election that helped them win the Senate and House |
| States Rights Democratic Party | A very conservative group of Southerners called the Dixie-crats who encouraged segregation, and other civil rights being stripped away (1948) nominated their own presidential candidate |
| The Children Were Watching | A movie about the desegregation of schools in New Orleans and the struggles of black students to attend school without constant harassment |
| Yolanda Gabrielle | A six-year-old girl whose white family was comfortable sending her to the desegregated school in New Orleans. Feared retaliation, but wanted to show that not all Whites were against desegregation |
| Tessie Prevost | One of the three black students in the New Orleans public school system, was harassed and attacked by boycotters |
| Wihelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson | Initiators of the Tallahassee Bus Boycott, refused to sit in the back of the bus |
| Tallahassee Bus Boycott | A boycott on the bus system in Tallahassee that led to profits completely dropping off and the bus system was extremely strained |
| Inter-Civic Council | The council that was formed in Tallahassee that led the bus boycott |
| C.K. Steele | A preacher and civil rights activist who was one of the main organizers of the Tallahassee bus boycott |
| Priscilla and Patricia Stevens | : organized movement in Tallahassee (with students) |
| CORE | Congress of Racial Equality, an organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights and organized sit ins |
| Jail-In | : Many people who were arrested during sit-ins and boycotts would refuse to post bail and sit in jail instead to protest |
| Lois Rabinowitz | Went to traffic court to pay her bosses’ ticket and was chastised by the judge for wearing slacks |
| The Feminine Mystique | A book written by Betty Friedan that helped start the second wave of Feminism in the United States |
| President’s Commission on the Status of Women | Was established to advise President JFK on women’s issues and concerning the status of women in the US. Found that there was widespread discrimination professionally and personally |
| National Organization for Women | A group started by Betty Friedan that pushed for women’s rights professionally and personally. Was a massive group and fought specifically for genderless jobs and other women’s rights |
| Radical Feminism | A more radical group of feminist, known as the burn bra’s, who petitioned for women’s rights but was more radical than that of NOW |
| Miss America Protest | Radical feminist dressed up a pig and then had a protest during the Miss America Pageant. Was originally going to burn bra’s but was banned from starting the fire |
| Women’s Strike for Equality | 50th anniversary of the 19th amendment, was a strike that was widely successful and was sponsored by NOW. Women wanted more rights in the workplace including daycare for children |
| Equal Rights Amendment | All people, no matter their race, creed, or sex should have equal opportunity at the same employment |
| All in the Family | A popular sitcom that took on many race and prejudice issues that existed in America at the time |
| Vietnam War | A largely unsuccessful war that lasted over a decade and eventually lost public support. Was an attempt at stopping Communism in North Vietnam |
| Refugee Dispersion Policy | Vietnamese immigrants were to be dispersed around the US so no community felt a large impact like Miami did with Cuban immigration. Didn’t work because Vietnamese like staying near extended family |
| Jesse Jackson | A popular civil rights activist that challenged the idea of allowing Vietnamese people into the US instead of supporting them in their communities. (Basically said that Americans had their own problems to solve before they should help other people) |
| Fort Chaffee, Arkansas | The largest refugee camp that many Vietnamese people were sent to until they could get a sponsor |
| The Fair Deal | Improvements on National health insurance, Social Security and so on |
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