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Organics FLASHCARDS

Shivani Kershaw Chemistry NCEA Level 3 English 73 cards

Organics FLASHCARDS

Cards in this deck (73)

  1. 1Alkene - Functional Group and Systematic NameC=C (Double Bond)
    -ene
  2. 2Alkane - Functional Group and Systematic NameC-C (Single Bond)
    -ane
  3. 3Alcohol - Functional Group and Systematic NameOH
    -anol
  4. 4Haloalkane - Functional Group and Systematic NameCl, Br
    -chloro
    -bromo
  5. 5Carboxylic Acid - Functional Group and Systematic NameC=O-OH
    -anoic acid
  6. 6Aldehyde - Functional Group and Systematic NameR-C=O-H
    -anal
  7. 7Ketone - Functional Group and Systematic NameR-C=O-R
    -one
  8. 8Acid Chloride - Functional Group and Systematic NameC=O-Cl
    -anoyl chloride
  9. 9Ester - Functional Group and Systematic NameR-C=O-OR
    -yl anoate (alcohol + carboxylic acid)
  10. 10Amine - Functional Group and Systematic NameC-NH2
    amino-
  11. 11Amide - Functional Group and Systematic NameR-C=O-NH2
    -amide
  12. 12Explain Markovnikov's RuleHydrogen atom added
    D.B with
    - highest no. H+ atoms attached
    (Major Product)
    Other atom added
    D.B with
    - lowest no. H+ atoms attached
    (Minor Product)
  13. 13Alkene ADDITION REACTIONS 1. Orange Br2 2. HBr 3. H20/H+ or dil. H2SO4 4. Purple MnO4-1. Colourless dibromo (2 Br's)
    2. Major 2-bromo and Minor 1-bromo
    3. Major 2-ol and Minor 1-ol
    4. Colourless -1,2- diol (2 OH's)
  14. 14Primary Alcohol OXIDATION REACTIONS 1. Orange Cr2O72-/H+ 2. Purple MnO4-/H+1. Green
    2. Colourless
    Oxidised to Aldehyde (-anal, C=O-H) then to Carboxylic Acid (-anoic acid C=O-OH)
  15. 15Secondary Alcohol OXIDATION REACTIONS 1. Orange Cr2O72-/H+ 2. Purple MnO4-/H+1. Green
    2. Colourless
    Oxidised to a Ketone (-one, R-C=O-R)
  16. 16Primary Alcohol REDUCTION REACTIONS 1. NaBH4Aldehyde reduced to Primary Alcohol
    (Removes C=O and adds OH)
  17. 17Secondary Alcohol REDUCTION REACTIONS 1. NaBH4Ketone reduced to Secondary Alcohol
    (Removes C=O and adds OH)
  18. 18Alcohol SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS 1. PCl3 2. PCl5 3. SOCl2Substitutes OH group to Cl
    1-chloro or 2-chloro
  19. 19Alcohol ELIMINATION REACTION 1. conc H2SO4Removes H and OH
    Eliminated to Major Alkene and Minor Alkene
  20. 20Explain Saitsev's RuleHydrogen atoms
    Removed from carbon atom with least H+ atoms attached
    - Major product
  21. 21Aldehyde OXIDATION TOLLEN'S REAGENT 1. Ag(NH3)2+1. Silver mirror forms (black precipitate)
    Oxidised to a Carboxylic Acid
  22. 22Haloalkane SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. KOH (aq) 2. NaOH (aq)Cl subsituted for OH group
    Subsituted to an Alcohol
  23. 23Haloalkane SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. NH3 (ethanol)Cl substitued for NH2
    HCl is added
    Substituted to an Amine (-amino) + HCl
  24. 24Haloalkane BIGGER AMINE SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. CH3NH2Cl substituted for CH3NH2
    Substituted to a Secondary Amine (___ methyl amine)
  25. 25Haloalkane ELIMINATION REACTION 1. KOH (alc)Cl removed, double bond forms
    Eliminated to a Major and Minor Alkene
  26. 26Amine ACID-BASE REACTION 1. HClAdds extra H+ to NH2 and + Cl-
    Creates a salt (__yl ammonium chloride)
  27. 27Amine DISSOCIATION REACTION 1. H2OAdds extra H+ to NH2 and + OH-
    Creates a conjugate acid (__yl ammonium)
  28. 28Carboxylic Acid SUBSITUTION REACTION 1. PCl5 2. PCl3 3. SOCl2Substitutes OH group to Cl
    Substituted to Acid Chloride (-anoyl chloride)
  29. 29Carboxylic Acid SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. NH3 2. NH3 with heat1. Substitutes OH for O- and NH4+
    2. Substitutes O- NH4+ for NH2
    Substituted to an Amide (-anamide)
  30. 30Carboxylic Acid SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. CH3NH2 with heatSubstitutes OH group for NH-CH3
    Substituted to a methyl ___ amide
  31. 31Carboxylic Acid CONDENSATION REACTION 1. conc H2SO4 with heat/refluxAlcohol + Carboxylic Acid --conc H2SO4 with heat/reflux--> __yl-anoate + H2O
  32. 32Ester AMMONIA REACTION 1. NH3O-R substituted for NH2 + -anol (O-R)
    Substituted to a ___ -amine + -anol
  33. 33Ester ACID HYDROLYSIS REACTION (acid conditions) 1. Na2SO4 (aq)-yl group substituted to an Alcohol (-OH)
    -anoate group substituted for a Carboxylic Acid (=O + -OH)
    -anol + -anoic acid
  34. 34Ester ACID HYDROLYSIS REACTION (basic conditions) 1. NaOH (aq)-yl group substituted to an Alcohol (- OH)
    -anoate group substituted for a Carboxylate ion (=O + - O- Na+)
  35. 35Acid Chloride AMMONIA REACTION 1. conc NH3Cl substituted to NH2
    Substituted to -anamide + HCl
  36. 36Acid Chloride SUBSTITUTION REACTION 1. H2OCl substituted to OH
    Substituted to -anoic acid + HCl
  37. 37Acid Chloride CONDENSATION REACTION 1. conc CH3NH2 (Primary Amine)Cl substituted to NH-CH3
    Substituted to -yl methyl amide
  38. 38Acid Chloride ALCOHOL REACTION 1. CH3OHCl substituted to O
    OH group removed and added to O
    Substituted to a Ketone (methyl -anoate) + HCl
  39. 39Amide ACID HYDROLYSIS REACTION 1. H2SO4 (aq) 2. HClNH2 substituted to OH
    Substituted to a carboxylic acid
    Substituted to an ammonium ion - NH4+
  40. 40Amide BASE HYDROLOSIS REACTION 1. NaOH (aq)NH2 substituted to O-
    Substituted to a ketone (-anoate)
    Substituted to an ammonia ion - NH3
  41. 41State structural features of Optical Isomers1. Chiral carbon atom
    2. Needs 4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached to the chiral carbon
  42. 42State properties of Optical Isomers1. Rotate the plane of polarised light in opposite directions
    2. Non-super imposable
    3. Mirror images of each other
    4. Same BP, MP, solubility, density
  43. 43Amino Acid ACID REACTION 1. H3O+NH2 accepts H to make NH3
    NH3+ Amino Acid + H2O
  44. 44Amino Acid BASE REACTION 1. NaOH (aq)OH removes H to make O-
    Amino Acid O- + H2O
  45. 45Distinguishing Alkenes1. Rapidly decolourises orange Br2/uv light (db present)
  46. 46Distinguishing Primary Alcohols1. Acidified MnO4- decolourises from purple to colourless (oxidation)
    2. Acidified Cr2072- changes from orange to green (oxidation)
    3. Forms Aldehyde then Carboxylic Acid from this ^^
  47. 47Distinguishing Secondary Alcohols1. Acidified MnO4- decolourises from purple to colourless (oxidation)
    2. Acidified Cr2072- changes from orange to green (oxidation)
    3. Forms Ketone from this ^^
  48. 48Distinguishing Aldehyde1. 1. Acidified MnO4- decolourises from purple to colourless (oxidation)
    2. Acidified Cr2072- changes from orange to green (oxidation)
    3. Forms Carboxylic Acid from this ^^
    4. Forms silver mirror/black precipitate from Ag(NH3+) Tollens (carboxylic acid)
    5. Changes from blue to brick red with Fehlings/Benedicts Cu2+ (carboxylic acid)
  49. 49Distinguishing Carboxylic Acids1. Turns damp blue litmus paper red
  50. 50Distinguishing Amines1. Turns damp red litmus paper blue
    2. Colour changes from blue to dark blue with Cu2+
  51. 51Distinguishing Acid Chlorides1. React violently with water - give off HCl fumes
    2. Turns damp blue litmus paper red
  52. 52Distinguishing Esters1. Form two layers when water is added
  53. 53Explain Reflux1. Increase the rate of reaction of volatile organic molecules
    2. Increases maximum yield of products
  54. 54Explain DistillationPurify chemical
    Separate products from reactants
    Remove impurities
    Separate liquids according to b.p
    Chemicals boiled then condensed
    Liquid-gas then gas-liquid
    Fraction at desired b.p is kept
  55. 55Explain Condensation Polymerisation1. Polyesters - di-carboxylic (COOH at each end) and diol (OH at each end) to form ester bond (C=O-O) (polyester) + water
    2. Polyamide - amide and di-carboxylic acid (C=O-NH) (polyamide) + water
  56. 56Explain Addition ReactionsInvolves breaking D.B
    Adding atoms to broken D.B
    No colour change
  57. 57Why are Major and Minor products formed?2 asymmetrical alkene molecules
    Added
    2 products formed - major and minor
  58. 58Explain Elimination ReactionsTurns saturated molecule
    C-C
    Into unsaturated molecule
    C=C
    (Water OH + H is removed)
  59. 59What are the reagents used to perform Elimination Reactions?KOH (alc)
    conc H2S04
  60. 60What are the reagents used to perform Addition Reactions?H2, Pt catalyst
    diluted H2S04
    Cl2
    Br2
    HBr
    MnO4-
  61. 61What are the reagents used to perform Oxidation Reactions?MnO4-/H+
    Cr207^2-/H+
    Tollen's reagent - Ag+
    Fehling's & Benedicts - Cu2+
  62. 62Define Primary, Secondary and TertiaryP - the C atom the OH is attatched to is bonded to one other C
    S - the C atom the OH is attached to is bonded to two other C
    T - the C atom the OH is attached to is bonded to three other C
  63. 63Explain Oxidation ReactionsAdds an oxygen
    Using oxidising agents
    Colour change
  64. 64Explain Reduction RecationsAdds an H atom
    Removes C=O (double bond)
    Makes OH from broken D.B
    No colour change?
  65. 65What is the reagent used to perform Reduction Reactions?NaBH4
  66. 66Explain Substitution ReactionsOne atom removed
    Replaced with another atom
    No colour change?
  67. 67What are the reagents used to perform Substitution Reactions?KOH (aq)
    NaOH (aq)
    CH3NH2 with heat
    NH3
    NH3 with heat
    NH3 (ethanol)
  68. 68Name this Apparatus ProccessDistillationName this Apparatus Proccess
  69. 69Name this Apparatus ProcessRefluxName this Apparatus Process
  70. 70Name this Apparatus ProcessSeperating FunnelName this Apparatus Process
  71. 71Describe PolymerisationSmall monomers join together
    Form large molecules - polymers
  72. 72Describe PolyestersMonomers consist of di-carboxylic acid + diol
    Di-carboxylic ( a COOH at each end)
    Diol (an OH at each end)
    Monomers join together at each end
    Form an ester bond
  73. 73Describe PolyamidesMonomers consist of di-carboxylic acid + amide group
    Di-carboxylic ( a COOH at each end)
    Amino group ( a NH2 at end)
    Monomers join together at each end
    Form an amide or peptide link through condensation polymerisation

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Quick notes on Organics intended for TOPIC TEST
Created by
Shivani Kershaw
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