Flashcards
Population and Environment
Cards in this deck (71)
- 1Define population distributionPatterns of where people live
- 2Define population densityPopulation divided by size of area in km2
- 3How does climate affect populationFew live in arid areas
Many live in temperate areas
Temperate climates usually have the largest populations and highest density, easier to produce food - 4Define soil fertilityAmount and type of food that can be produced in a region
- 5DDistribution and availability of fresh water and other natural resources
- 6When was the Industrial Revolution and what happened?1760 - 1850, rapid rise in use of machinery and factories in MEDCs which coincided with massive population growth
- 7How has global food production changed since 1965?Food production has increased
Areas of land used for food production has increased
Technological advances allow us to produce more food from less land - 8What effect is population change having on food consumption?Global population is increasing so more food is being consumed
Food consumption per person is increasing globally as the world is becoming more economically developed - 9What is the pattern of global food consumption?MEDCs consume a lot
Can afford to import a large variety of food
Have a culture of consumerism
High disposable incomes, afford more food
LEDCs consume less
Meat costs more so diets are plant-based - 10Define agricultural productivityA measure of the amount of food that is produced in an area
The ratio of outputs to inputs - 11Define commercial farmingProduction of crops or livestock to make a profit, high agricultural productivity
Common in MEDCs - 12Define subsistence farmingJust enough food is grown to feed the family, lower agricultural productivity
Common in LEDCs - 13Define intensive farmingAs much as possible is produced from the area of land
Capital intensive - high input of money and low input of labour
Labour intensive - low input of money and high input of labour - 14Define extensive farmingLow money input and low labour input, less food produced, less environmental impact
- 15Define nomadic farmingFarmers move from place to place to grow crops or graze animals
- 16How does climate affect agriculture?Affects how successfully plants can grow in an area and the animals that can survive there
- 17How does soil affect agriculture?Some areas are unsustainable for farming because there is not enough soil or soil is of poor quality
- 18Explain the polar climateIce-covered and cold
Agricultural productivity is low, traditional lifestyles based on subsistence
Development and construction is difficult
Roads must not melt permafrost - 19Explain the arid climateHot and dry
Agriculture is impossible in most areas due to infrequent rain or flash flooding (causes drought or soil erosion)
Groundwater drained for irrigation - 20What is the order of the soil horizonsOld Aged Eagles' Beaks Crack Regularly
Surface litter (O) - organic matter
Topsoil (A) - creatures and minerals
Eluviated horizon (E) - zone of leaching
Subsoil (B) - leached compounds and clays
Parent (C) - weathered minerals
Bedrock (R) - solid rock - 21Define soil horizonLayer of soil parallel to the soil surface whose characteristics vary from the layer above and beneath
- 22Define leachingWater moves minerals and nutrients down through the soil profile
- 23Define eluviationMovement of soil material from upper to lower horizons via percolation
- 24Define illuviationIntroduction of soil material into inner horizons from upper horizons via percolation
- 25Define zonal soilMature soils developed from interactions between climate, vegetation and parent rock across a significant time period
- 26Define soil erosionWearing away of soil by wind or water
Removes nutrients and reduces soil's ability to hold water - 27How does clearing vegetation increase vulnerability to soil erosionRain falls directly onto unconsolidated soil and washes away topsoil
- 28How does topography increase vulnerability to soil erosionSoil is more likely to be washed downslope
- 29How does climate increase vulnerability to soil erosionHigh rainfall increases water erosion whereas low rainfall and high temperatures make soil dry and more vulnerable to wind erosion
- 30Name 3 management strategies that reduce soil erosionCrop rotation - plant cover crops to maintain soil until next season
Windbreaks - hedges or trees planted around fields as barriers against wind
Terracing - steps cut into steep hillsides to slow movement of water downslope - 31Explain waterloggingCaused by soil with few airspaces filling quickly with water
Limits growth of root and rots them
Should avoid over-watering crops - 32Explain salinisationCaused by heat evaporating water and leaving salt behind
Stops crops from absorbing water
Should drain soil with pipes or ditches - 33Explain structural deteriorationCaused by heavy machinery or livestock compacting soil
Roots struggle to grow through dense soil
Should move livestock regularly - 34Define food securityHaving reliable access to enough nutritious and affordable food
- 35Name and describe 3 factors that affect food securityFood availability - must produce or import enough food to feed the population
Food access - must be able to regularly obtain food
Food quality - must consume nutritious enough food to maintain a healthy lifestyle - 36Name and describe 3 strategies to improve food securityAgricultural expansion - more land converted to agricultural use
Intensive farming - produces as much food as possible from land available
Changing types of food produced - plants need less land and water than livestock - 37Define healthA person's physical, mental and social well-being and the absence of disease
- 38Define morbidityRate of disease in a population, including prevalence (number of cases at a specific time) and incidence (number of new cases over time)
- 39Define mortality rateHow many people die in a population over time
- 40Define morbidity rateHow many people suffer from ill-health over time
- 41Define malnutritionNot eating foods that give us enough of the necessary nutrients, reduces body's ability to fight a disease
- 42Define poor access to healthcarePeople cannot access drugs or treatments to fight a disease
- 43Define epidemiological transition modelStates that the main cause of mortality has changed from infectious disease to non-communicable disease over time
- 44Explain the 5 stages of the epidemiological transition model1 - high number of deaths from infectious diseases, life expectancy is low
2 - less death from infectious disease, better conditions, life expectancy increases
3 - non-communicable replace infectious disease, life expectancy keeps increasing
4 - non-communicable disease is prevented by better treatment, life expectancy is high - 45How does precipitation affect diseaseMany vectors need water to survive, more infectious diseases in wet climates
- 46How does temperature affect diseaseMany vectors can only survive above a certain temperature threshold, more infectious diseases in tropical climates
- 47Explain the actions of the WHOWorks alongside governments to promote health globally by advising about health issues and limiting outbreaks
- 48Define birth rateNumber of live births per 1000 people per year
- 49Define death rateNumber of deaths per 1000 people per year
- 50Total fertility rateAverage number of children a woman has during reproductive age
- 51Infant morality rateNumber of children out of every 1000 born alive who die before their first birthday
- 52Define dependency ratioProportion of population that need to be supported by the working population
- 53Define demographic transitionChange from low life expectancy and big families to high life expectancy and small families
- 54Label the 5 stages of the demographic transition model1 - high birth rate, high death rate
2 - high birth rate, death rate falls
3 - birth rate falls a lot, death rate falls a bit
4 - low birth rate and low death rate
5 - birth rate drops below death rate - 55Describe a country at the end of the demographic transition modelUK, stage 4, low birth rate, low death rate
Temperate climate, fertile soils
Rich in natural resources, borders sea
Education is compulsory
High female workforce participation - 56Describe a country at the beginning of the demographic transition modelUganda, stage 2, high births, low death rate
Hot climate, low agricultural productivity
Lack of birth control, high fertility rate, 5.8
Poor medical care - 57Define population structureNumber of males and females in different age groups in a population
- 58Define demographic dividendPotential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls
- 59Define optimum populationIdeal number of people in an area
All resources are used to give highest economic return and standard of living - 60Define overpopulationIf population becomes too high for available resources, standard of living falls, not enough food, water and energy
- 61Define underpopulationIf population declines, there are too few people to use the available resources to their full potential, standard of living falls
- 62Define carrying capacityThe largest population an area can support long-term
- 63Define ecological footprintWay of measuring environmental impact of human activity by calculating the amount of productive land required to produce the goods and services being used
- 64Positive feedbackCyclical sequence of events that increases change
- 65Negative feedbackCyclical sequence of events that decreases change
- 66Malthusian viewPessimistic, 1798
When population increases to a point of too many people for food availability, population will be reduced by famine, war and disease - 67Neo-Malthusian viewPessimistic, 1970
Rapid population growth is an obstacle to development and should be slowed
Humans can live indefinitely on Earth if we limit population growth and use resources more sustainably - 68Boserup viewOptimistic, 1965
However big world population grows, people will always provide sufficient food for their needs
Farming will become more intense and new methods and technologies will be developed to help this - 69SimonOptimistic
Population growth is positive, the ultimate resource is the human mind, intelligence will solve problems, resource won't run out - 70Define ozoneGas in upper atmosphere, barrier to harmful UV radiation from sun
- 71What is the replenishment rate2.1 babies per couple
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- GCSE Geography Flashcards on Population and Environment, created by Rebecca Bailey on 07/06/2018.
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- Rebecca Bailey
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