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Description
Flashcards by Chanelle Titchener, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chanelle Titchener
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nature | Behaviour is seen as the product of innate factors |
| Nurture | Behaviour is a product of environmental influences |
| The Debate | Nature - Early nativists argue that human characteristics and even some aspects of knowledge are innate Nurture - Empiricists argue that the mind is a blank slate at birth, we learn and experience as a result of our environment |
| Heritability Coefficient | Used to assess heredity Numerical figure ranging from 0-0.1 and determines the extent to which a characteristic has a genetic basis |
| The Debate Continued | Nature - Lerner (1986) identified different levels of the environment May be defined in narrow pre-natal terms. Nurture - through post-natal experiences |
| Genetic Explanations | Family, twin, and adoption studies show that the closer two individuals are genetically the more likely they are to develop the same behaviours EG: Concordance rates for Schizophrenia 40% MZ twins and 7% in DZ twins |
| Evolutionary Explanations | The principle that a behaviour that promotes survival and reproduction will be naturally selected EG: Bowbly proposed that attachment was adaptive and meant the infant was more likely to survive |
| Influence of nurture | Behaviourism - assumes all behaviour is learnt through operant and classical conditioning SLT - Bandura suggested that behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation |
| Importance of heredity and environment | Impossible to answer Lerner suggests that the environment influences a child from the moment of birth Nature and nurture are so closely intertwined so one cannot be studied without the other |
| importance of heredity and environment | Twin studies suggest a concordance rate but it is difficult to tell whether a high concordance rate is due to shared genes or shared environment |
| Interaction of Nature and Nurture | Rats raised in bare, dark cages have been compared to rats that grow up in stimulating environments Un-stimulated rats did worse in problem solving tasks and learned more slowly |
| Interactionist Approach | EG: attachment Attachment patterns are often seen as the result of a 2-way street, in which the child's innate temperament will influence the way the parent interacts with the child and affect the child's behaviour |
| Evidence (Rutter and Rutter 1993) | Aggression - Hostility Described how aggressive children think and behave in ways that lead other children to respond to them in a hostile way This reinforces the antisocial behaviour child's view of the world Aggressive children experience aggressiv environments |
| Epigenetics | Refers to the change in our genetic activity without changing out genetic code Caused by interactions with the world |
| Epigenetics continued | The marks tell our bodies which genes to use and which to ignore and in turn they influence the genetic code 3rd element of the debate |
| Epigenetics continued | Dias and Ressler (2014) Male lab rats were given electrical shocks every time they were exposed to acetophenone Rat's children and grandchildren feared the smell |
| Family Studies | If a family member share a trait more frequently than unrelated people do, then this could mean a genetic influence Solyom et al (1974) |
| Adoption Studies | Similarites with the adoptive parent suggest an environmental influence - Nurture Similarities with the biological parent suggest an innate influence - Nature |
| Twin studies | MZ twins share 100% of their DNA whereas DZ twins share 50% Holand et al (1988) found 56% MZ concordance in anorexia, and 5% for DZ twins. If a trait is completely genetic, the concordance rate should be 100% |
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