Respiratory Tract Lectures 1 and 2

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AHS1 Cardiorespiratory Flashcards on Respiratory Tract Lectures 1 and 2, created by Juliette Carroll on 18/11/2018.
Juliette Carroll
Flashcards by Juliette Carroll, updated more than 1 year ago
Juliette Carroll
Created by Juliette Carroll over 6 years ago
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Question Answer
What are the external nares? Nostrils
What is the purpose of the cartilage found in nostrils? To support their structure during inspiration so that they don't collapse
What type of cartilage is found in the nostrils? Alar cartilage which is very elastic
What is the nasal plate? What is its purpose? External cartilaginous plate in the nostrils to widen nostrils during inspiration
Which species' is the philtrum found in? What is its structure? Sheep and dogs: median groove which extends down from the middle of the nasal plate
Why is the nasal plate referred to as the nasolabial plate in cows? Extends down to include the lips
Is the cartilage in the nostrils of horses internal or external? Internal
What is an obligate nasal breather? A species which can only breathe throught its nostrils and not through the mouth
Describe the structure of the false nostril in horses Blind ending "pouch" in the dorsal region of the nostril in horses
What care must be taken when inserting a stomach tube into a horse? That you insert it into the real nostrils and not the falsie
What is the os rostrale in pigs? Splanchnic bone found in the nose for support
What separates the nostrils? Cartilaginous septum
Name structures 1-6 (transverse section of a nose shown) 1) Dorsal concha 2) Dorsal meatus 3) Ventral concha 4) Middle meatus 5) Ventral meatus 6) Common meatus
In horses, through which structure is a stomach tube passed? Ventral meatus
What are conchae? Scrolls of bone extending off the skull into the nostrils
What are conchae covered in? Ciliated mucus epithelium
What structure within the nasal cavity is responsible for olfaction? Specialised conchae close to the brain w/sensory nerve endings
What does meatus mean? Passage
What structure does the dorsal meatus lead to in some species'? Frontal sinus
Where does the middle meatus lead to? The ethmoconchae and maxillary sinuses
What is the name for the conchae which detect smell? Ethmoconchae
Which meatus leads to the nasopharynx? Ventral meatus
Name structures 1-5 1) Frontal sinus 2) Ethmoconchae 3) Dorsal concha 4) Ventral concha 5) Ventral meatus
What are the paranasal sinuses? Air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull
Which are the 2 most important paranasal sinuses? Frontal and maxillary
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into? Different parts of the nasal cavity
In which species is the maxillary sinus poorly developed? What is it called instead of a sinus? ~In the dog ~Recess
How does the maxillary sinus drain into the nasal cavity? Via the middle meatus
In which species are the sinuses extensive? Horse
What is the maxillary sinus divided into in the horse? Rostral sinus and caudal sinus
How do the frontal and maxillary sinuses drain into the nasal cavity in the horse? Via the naso-maxillary opening by way of middle meatus
How is the structure of the sinuses of the horse clinically important? Closely related to the cheek teeth and upper jaw so when there is an abscess in a tooth, the pus tends to drain into the sinuses and must be removed by drilling into the skull
What is the laryngopharynx? Bits at the back of the soft palate which borders with the larynx
Which structure connects the nasopharynx and auditory tube? Slight-like opening in lateral nasopharynx connecting it with the auditory tube
What is the Hyoid apparatus? Series of small bones suspending larynx and tongue from skull
What is the mastoid proceess? Point at which hyoid apparatus joins skull (?)
Which structure in the hyoid apparatus connects to the skull? Tympanohyoid cartilage
Which is the only bone in the hyoid apparatus which is unpaired? Basihyoid bone
Name structures 1-6 1) Stylohyoid 2) Tympanohyoid cartilage 3) Epihyoid 4) Thyrohyoid 5) Ceratohyoid 6) Basihyoid
What is found in the hyoid apparatus of large animals? Lingual process extending from basihyoid bone
What kind of cartilage comprises the epiglottis? Elastic cartilage
What type of cartilage comprises the other sections of cartilage in the larynx besides the epiglottis? Hyaline
What are the functions of the larynx? ~Regulation of air into trachea ~Vocalisation ~Epiglottis prevents entry of food into trachea during swallowing
Name the 4 laryngeal cartilages 1) Epiglottis 2) Thryoid 3) Arytenoid 4) Cricoid
Name structures 1-5 1) Epiglottis 2) Arytenoid 3) Cricoid 4) Thyroid 5) Trachea
Name structures 1-10 1) Hyoid bone 2) Epiglottis 3) Thyroid lamina 4) Crico-arytenoid articulation 5) Cricoid 6) Trachea 7) Thryo-hyoid articulation 8) Arytenoid 9) Crico-thyroid articulation 10) Thyroid body (junction of laminae)
Name the most rostral piece of the larynx Epiglottis
Which piece of cartilage does the epiglottis connect to? Thyroid cartilage
Describe the structure of the thyroid cartilage U-shaped tube consisting of 2 sheet-like joined together ventrally
What 2 structures does the thyroid cartilage connect to? Thyrohyoid bone dorsocranially Cricoid cartilage caudally
Where are the arytenoid cartilages found? 2 of them within the thyroid cartilage
Which cartilage do the arytenoid cartilages articulate with? Cricoid
What structure does the cricoid cartilage join with caudally? Trachea
What 2 structures does the cricoid cartilage join with cranially? Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages
What is the glottis? Diameter of the airway determined by distance between vocal ligaments
Describe the structure of the vocal cords ~Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa ~Originate in ventral process of arytenoid cartilage and run down to join floor of thyroid
Name structures 1-4 (equine larynx shown) 1) Arytenoid 2) Ventricular fold 3) Laryngeal ventricle 4) Vocal fold
What is the difference between the vocal ligament and the vocal fold? Vocal fold is vocal ligament covered in mucosa
Where does the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle lie? What type of muscle is it? ~Between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages positioned dorsally ~Intrinsic muscle of the larynx
Name structures 1-4 (transverse section of canine larynx) 1) Dorsal cricoarytendoideus 2) Crico-aytenoid articulation 3) Arytenoid cartilage 4) Lateral cricoarytenoideus
Name structures 5-9 (transverse section of canine larynx) 5) Glottis 6) Vocal ligaments 7) Cricoid cartilage 8) Thyroid cartilage 9) Thyroarytenoideus
What does contraction of the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle do to the size of the glottis? Increases it by causing the arytenoid cartilages to rotate
What happens to the vocal ligaments when the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle contracts? They are abducted
Name the nerve which innervates the dorsal cricoarytenoideus Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What does contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoideus muscles do? Causes adduction of vocal ligaments
What is the function of the thyroarytenoideus muscle? Adjust tension in the vocal ligaments
What is laryngeal hemiplegia? Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causing paralysis of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
Which side is laryngeal hemiplegia most likely to occur on? Left
An inability to do what makes it difficult for animals w/laryngeal hemiplegia to enlarge their glottis? Unable to abduct the ipsilateral vocal fold and therefore enlarge the glottis
What is roaring? Noise produced by air moving over loose vocal cord which cannot be abducted when the animal is moving quickly (in horses and sometimes in dogs)
What is done to correct laryngeal hemiplegia? Hobday or "tie back" operation
Where does the trachea run from and to? Cricoid cartilage to bifurcation at base of heart
Name the ligament which attaches the cricoid cartilage to the trachea Cricotracheal ligament
Name the structure which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to one another Annular ligaments consisting of connective tissue
What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle made of? Smooth
Where does most of the control of the diameter of the airway occur? In the bronchi/bronchioles
Where does the trachealis muscle lie in a) carnivores? b) herbivores? a) Outside cartilaginoues rings b) Inside cartilaginoues rings
What kind of epithelium lines the trachea? Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
What is found in the mucosa of the trachea? Mucous glands
Where specifically is the guttoral pouch located? Between the nasopharynx and the middle ear
What does it mean that the epiglottis is retrovelar in horses? Sits behind the soft palate
How does the epiglottis being retrovelar in horses mean that it is an obligate nasal breather? Air simply hits a "brick wall" when is passes the soft palate in the mouth because the epiglottis extends behind it
How is the guttoral pouch divided into left and right sides? Thin membrane
What separates each of the compartments of the guttoral pouch into medial and lateral sides? Stylohyoid bone
Which kinds of infection are common in the guttoral pouch? Fungal
Which is the only species (vets focus on) which has a guttoral pouch? Horses
What is the function of the guttoral pouch? Unknown
What is the pharyngotubal opening? Opening which connects the guttoral pouch with the nasopharynx and has flaps
What is the anatomical name for the guttoral pouch? Diverticulum of the Auditory Tube (DAT)
Describe the structure of the guttoral pouch? An air filled pouch with a capacity of 300-500ml
Which important structure pass through the guttoral pouch? Blood vessels and nerves
How can fungal infections in the guttoral pouch be dangerous? Can eat away at walls of BVs found there
Roughly where on this image does the trachea bifurcate to the left and right bronchi? What is this region called? Base of heart
Where does the tracha lie in relation to the oesophagus a) cranially? b) at the point of the heart and more caudally? a) On the right b) Ventral
What do segmental bronchi aerate? Broncho-pulmonary segments (cone-shaped)
At which point does the cartilaginous support in the resp. tract stop? At the bronchioles
Which feature of the resp. tract can be found in pigs and ruminants? Tracheal bronchus
Where does the tracheal bronchus come off of the main trachea in respect to bifurcation of the trachea? Comes off at 3rd rib and trachea bifurcates at 5th
Which structure does the tracheal bronchus aerate? Cranial lobe of the right lung
Which is the alveolus and which is the alveolar saccule on the image shown? Alveolus is single red sphere Aveolar saccule is the bunch of grapes
Which structures attach to the lungs at the hilus? Primary bronchus Pleurae (?) Arteries/veins Nerves Lymphatics
What does the colour of the lungs depend on? Amount of blood in them
What are the 2 types of blood supply that the lungs receive? Pulmonary Systemic
What is the purpose of the systemic circulation to the lungs? To provide them w/ox. blood so that they can function
Name the vessels in the pulmonary circulation which supply the lungs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
Name the vessels in the systemic circulation which supply the lungs Bronchial arteries Bronchial veins
What structure can be seen at the cardiac notch? Heart
Name strutures 1-5 1) Caudal lobe 2) Diaphragm 3) Cranial lobe 4) Middle lobe 5) Heart
Indicate the cardiac notch on the image
Which is the costal surface of the lungs? That which touches the ribs
What is the main difference between the structure of the lungs of a dog and that of other mammals eg. horse? They have deep fissures between each lobe
What is the cranial lobe of a dog divided into? Cranial and caudal parts
Which species does this lung belong to? What is arrow a pointing at? Dog. A is pointing at the cardiac notch
Which species does this lung belong to? What is indicated by a? Horse. A shows cardiac notch
Name structures 1-3. What is the arrow pointing at? 1) Caudal lobe 2) Caudal part of cranial lobe 3) Cranial part of cranial lobe Arrow is pointing at hilus
Name structures 1 and 2 1) Caudal lobe 2) Cranial lobe
How is the cranial lobe of dogs different from other animals? Subdivided into cranial and caudal parts
What is lobe D known as? What does the red arrow represent? D: Accessory lobe Red arrow shows passage of vena cava
How many lobes are present in the right lung in dogs and cows? 4
How many lobes are present in the right lung in horses? 3
Which of a, b and c represents the accessory lobe? Which species does this lung belong to? b: belongs to horse
Is this a left or a right lung? Right
Which structure entering the lungs at the hilus is the most dorsal? Bronchus
What are lobulations? Sections of lung tissue (alveoli?) surrounded by connective tissue
Which structure entering the lungs at the hilus is the most cranial? P. artery
Why is a tracheal impression (in fixed specimens) not seen on the left lung? Because it lies to the right of the oesophagus
Why is a tracheal impression (in fixed specimens) not seen on the caudal lobe of the lung? It bifurcates into left and right bronchi at the 5th rib so doesn't pass through caudal lobe
Where is the impression (in fixed specimens) of the oesophagus seen? Why is this? Caudal lobe of right lung Both lobes of left lung Lies to the left of the trachea and therefore only seen on caudal lobe of right lung once trachea has bifurcated but seen on both lobes of left lung
What are 1 and 2 pointing at? 1) Azygous vein 2) Cranial vena cava and internal thoracic vein (?)
How are pleura often named (besides parietal and visceral)? After the structure they cover eg. costal pleura is parietal pleura which covers the ribs
What are the functions of the pleurae? To reduce friction Ventilate lungs
Which type of pleura is included in mediastinal pleura? Pericardial pleura
Name structures 1-4 1) Cupula pleurae 2) Costal pleura 3) Mediastinal pleurae 4) Diaphragmatic pleura
Which 3 types of pleura comprise the parietal? ~Costal ~Mediastinal ~Diaphragmatic
Which type of pleura is particularly vulnerable to injury? Cupula
Why is the cupula pleura vulnerable to injury? Extends beyond the thoracic cavity into neck and is therefore not protected by ribs
Which area in the thoracic cavity can be used to sample pleural fluid? Costodiaphragmatic recess
Name the 2 pleural recesses Costodiaphragmatic Costomediastinal
Why are there recesses present within the pleura? Lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity
What is the plica vena cava? Fold in mediastinal pleura which covers vena cava
What is a pointing at? Costodiaphragmatic recess
What is a pointing at? Costomediastinal recess
What is the mediastinum? Central compartment between the right and left pleural cavities
What structures can be found in the mediastinum? Heart Oesophagus Blood vessels Nerves Lymphatic Thymus gland (in young animals)
What surrounds the mediastinum? What is significant about this strucutre? ~Mediastinal pleura ~Very deliate
Why does an infection in one pleural cavity in the horse spread easily to the other? Fenestrations in mediastinal pleura
In which regions do the 2 mediastinal pleura come in contact with each other? Cranial and caudal to heart
Which species has a delicate but complete mediastinal pleura? Dog
Why is it sometimes necessary to ventilate both lungs when only one collapses in a dog? Pressure is so great that it causes rupture of mediastinal pleura
Why does infection/collapsed lung not spread from one pleural cavity to the other in cows? Thick mediastinal pleura
Is an infection likely to pass from one pleural cavity in dogs to the other? No (possible?)
Name divisions 1-4 of the mediastinum (left side shown) 1) Cranial 2) Middle dorsal 3) Middle ventral 4) Caudal
What is the NAV term for muzzle? Rostrum
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