16145023
Description
Flashcards by Juliette Carroll, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Juliette Carroll
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is cyanosis? | Blueing of peripheral tissues as a result of lack of oxyen delivered to them |
| How would you expect to find the distal limbs in a warm veterinary office? What does it mean if they are not like this? | ~Warm ~If they are cold this means that BF to these areas is poor |
| How is dehydration assessed? | By using tenting of the skin |
| How else can dehydration be assessed besides tenting of the skin? | ~By monitoring amount of urine passed ~By monitoring fluid intake (for hospitalsed patients) |
| How is strength of pulse affected by SV? | Distension of the arteries is affected |
| How is strength of pulse affected by TPR? | Duration of beat affected |
| What, in relation to pulse, is it not possible to detect? | The difference between SV and TPR |
| What is the difference between a full pulse and a thready pulse? What does a thready pulse indicate? | ~Although the strength of the pulse may be the same in a thready pulse as a full pulse, duration is affected. ~This indicates TPR is low |
| What 4 tests need to be carried out in most routine consultations? | 1) Capillary refill 2) Palpation of pulse 3) Auscultation 4) Degree of hydration |
| What is auscultation of the heart? | Characteristic "lub dub" sound produced by the closing of valves in the heart and the turbulence this produces |
| Which 2 ways are valves in the heart most likely to malfunction? | 1) Leak (murmur) - valves close properly but blood leaks through 2) Stenosis (valves unable to open/close properly) |
| Why might you need to measure haematocrit? | To assess anaemia or even degree of dehydration |
| What can blood tests be used to assess? | ~Packed cell vol ~Size and number of RBCs ~Clotting ability of blood ~WBC numbers and proportions ~Protein levels of blood |
| What is central venous pressure? | Pressure in the great veins just before they enter the heart |
| Where is central venous pulse taken in horses? | At the jugular vein |
| What does a distended jugular vein indicate? | Raised central venous pressure |
| Briefly describe how the dipole which an ECG depends on is created | ~At resting potential, inside of cell is negative w/respect to outside ~During AP, this switches ~Extracellular dipole is therefore created between negative area of AP and positive area of RP |
| What 2 factors does the signal of an ECG depend on? | 1) Strength of the dipole 2) Orientation of dipole |
| Review diagram | |
| Where does the orientation of the dipole change within the heart? | At the point at which the Purkinje fibres "turn" at the base of the ventricles |
| What does the shape of an ECG depend on (other than electrical waves in the heart)? | Placement of the electrodes on the body |
| What are you looking for when analysing an ECG? | Is there a difference in shape between one beat and the next (NOT exact shape) |
| Review diagram | |
| How is the QRS complex affected in 3rd degree AV block? | It tends to be wider than usual |
| What does the P wave indicate on an ECG? | Depolarisation of atria |
| What is the difference in the ECG of 1st degree AV block and 2nd degree? | In 1st degree, there is a bigger gap between P and QRS than normal. In 2nd degree, QRS complex missing completely every few beats |
| What is oximetry used to measure? | Degree of oxygenation of haemoglobin |
| Where do pulse oximeters tend to be used in animals? | On the tongue |
| How do pulse oximeters measure oxygenation? | Shine a light through the skin and determine what proportion of haem is oxygenated and what isn't based on amount of light which gets through |
| How is cardiac output measured? | Blood samples are taken from artery and from vein and O2 content measured and divide O2 uptake (relative to O2 in atmosphere) in lungs by difference between these |
| What is the equation for calculating cardiac output using O2 uptake? | O2 uptake in lungs (ml/min) ÷ (art. content [ml-1] - ven. content [ml-1]) |
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