16085111
Description
Flashcards by Juliette Carroll, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Juliette Carroll
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the equation for minute ventilation? | Breath vol x resp rate |
| How is ejection fraction calculated? | Stroke vol ÷ EDV |
| What does inlet pressure - outlet pressure give? | Pressure difference |
| What is resistance (R) proportional to (equation)? | (Viscosity x length) ÷ radius to the power 4 |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Stroke vol x HR |
| What is the equation for pressure difference using flow and resistance? | Flow x resistance |
| What is the endoneurium? | Loose connective tissue which encases the axon and its myelin sheath |
| What is the perineurium? | The membrane which envelopes multiple axons within a fascicle |
| What is the epineurium? | Tissue which envelopes multiple fascicles to form a nerve |
| Which types of nerve are contained in the a) dorsal root? b) ventral root? | a) Sensory b) Motor |
| In which specific location on the spinal cord can the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurones of the sympathetic nervous system be found? | Lateral horn between T1 and L2 |
| Between which ribs is the heart located in ruminants? | 3-6 |
| Between which ribs is the heart located in pigs? | 2-5 |
| Between which ribs is the heart located in dogs/horses? | 3-7 |
| Describe the structure of the brachiocephalic junction in horses/ruminants relative to that in dogs/pigs | External jugulars merge to form bijugular trunk and then the subclavians join this structure which goes on to become the cranial vena cava |
| With which nervous system structure are the paired branches of the abdominal aorta in close association with? | Sympathetic prevertebral collateral ganglia |
| Between which ribs is the heart located in cats? | 4-6 |
| What is serum? | Plasma w/fibrin element removed |
| What is the calculation for clearance of the kidney? | (Conc of substance in urine (mg/ml) x vol urine produced/min (ml/min))/conc of substance in plasma (mg/ml) |
| What is the equation for filtration fraction? | Glomerular filtration rate/renal plasma flow |
| What is usually the value for filtration fraction? | 0.15-0.2 |
| What is the equation for calculating filtered load? | Glomerular filtration rate/plasma concentration |
| In which direction do the fibres of the external abdominal oblique muscle run? | Caudoventral (cranial to caudal/ventral) |
| In which direction do the fibres of the internal abdominal oblique muscle run? | Cranioventral (from caudal to cranial/ventral) |
| Where do the IAOs originate and where do they extend onto? | Originate at iliac crest and extend onto ribs and linea alba |
| Where does the EAO originate and where does it extend onto? | Originates on lateral side of ribs and lumbodorsal fascia and extends onto linea alba and prepubic tendon |
| Where does the transverse abdominis originate and where does it extend onto? | Lumbodorsal fascia (transverse vertebrae) and internal rib surfaces to linea alba |
| Which types of cells comprise the peritoneum? | Flattened mesothelial cells (supported by fibrous connective tissue) |
| Briefly describe mesothelial cells | Specialised cells which line the serous abdominal cavity made up of simple squamous epithelium designed to provide slippery surface for internal organs |
| Which nerves supply the liver w/parasympathetic innervation? | Vagus & pelvic |
| Which area of the stomach do the left and right gastroepiploci arteries supply? Which artery do they both branch off from? | ~Greater curvature ~Left branches off from splenic and right branches off from hepatic |
| How does the musculophrenic artery continue into the abdomen? | Tunnels under diaphragm and continues as cranial epigastric artery |
| Which animals have a left and a right azygous vein? | Ruminants |
| In which 2 species' do the right and left subclavians branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk? | Horses & ruminants |
| Which nerves form the brachail plexus? | Ventral rami of C6-C8 and T1 and T2 |
| Where do the phrenic nerves emerge from? | Ventral rami of C5, 6 and 7 spinal nerves |
| Parasympatheti outflow between which vertebrae form pelvic nerves? | S2-S4 |
| Where are the cell bodies of both somatic and visceral afferent neurones found? | Dorsal root ganglion |
| Where are the cell bodies of somatic efferent neurones found? | Ventral horn of spinal cord |
| Where are the cell bodies of visceral efferent neurones found? | Lateral horn |
| Which regions of the ruminant stomach does the greater omentum have attachments to? | ~Greater curvature of abomasum ~Right longitudinal groove of rumen ~Left longitudinal curve of rumen ~Reticulum ~Duodenum |
| Which regions of the ruminant stomach does the lesser omentum have attachments to? | ~Lesser curvature of abdomen ~Porta of liver ~Greater curvature of omasum |
| Which spinal nerve is anaesthetised to prevent sensation/movement in the paralumbar fossa? | T13 |
| Which spinal nerves are anaesthetised when performing a rumenotomy? | T13, L1 and L2 |
| Which spinal nerves are anaesthetised when performing a Caesarian? | L1 and L2 |
| Which spinal nerves are anaesthetised to prevent movement/sensation in the udder? | L2, L3 and L4 |
| Which vertebra is the first palpable process cranial to the tuber cozae? | L5 |
| Where must anaesthetic be injected in order to anaesthetise spinal nerve T13? | Cranial to transverse process of vertebra L1 |
| Where must anaesthetic be injected in order to anaesthetise spinal nerve L1? | Caudal to transverse process of L1 |
| Which nerve innervates the orbicular muscle? | Facial nerve |
| Name the nerve which supplies the tongue with motor innervation | Hypoglossal (IX) |
| Which nerves supply the rostral 2/3 of the tongue with a) taste sensory fibres? b) general sensory fibres? | a) Facial nerve b) Trigeminal nerve (Facial nerve runs within trigeminal and separates) |
| Which nerve supplies the caudal 1/3 of the tongue with both taste and general sensory fibres? | Glossopharyngeal |
| Where do the ducts of the parotid salivary glands open? | By 4th upper premolar |
| Where do the ducts of the mandibular salivary glands open? | Behind lower incisors (duct runs along floor of oral cavity) |
| Where do the duts of the sublingual salivary glands open? | Opening shared w/mandibular gland ducts (behind lower incisors) |
| Which part of the sublingual gland is found in the capsule of the mandibular gland? | Monostomatic (compact) part |
| Which nerve provides the pharynx w/somatic motor innervation? | Vagus |
| Which nerve provides the pharynx w/sensory innervation? | Glossopharyngeal (IX) |
| What type of epithelium is present in the papillae of the tongue? | Stratified squamous (thick) |
| What is the formula for permanent feline dentition? | 2x (I3-C1-P3-M1)/(I3-C1-P2-M1) |
| Which artery supplies the tongue w/blood? | Lingual |
| Which nerve innervates the orbicular nerve? | Facial nerve |
| How many roots does the first premolar have? | 1 or 2 |
| Which tooth is the carnassial tooth on the bottom in dogs? | 1st lower molar |
| Of which artery is the lingual artery a branch? | External carotid |
| How many roots do the 2nd, 3rd and 4th premolars have? | 2 |
| How many roots do incisors have in dogs? | 1 |
| Which of the teeth of ruminants are brachydont? | Incisors |
| Which teeth are missing in cats? | ~P1 of the upper arcade and P1 and P2 of the lower arcade ~M2 of the upper arcade and M2 and M3 of the lower arcade |
| What type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus? | Thick stratified squamous |
| Branches of which artery supply the teeth w/blood? | Maxillary artery |
| Name the dilator muscle of the pharynx | Stylopharyngeus |
| How many roots does the upper 4th premolar have? | 3 |
| What does the 1st digit in the Triadan system refer to? | Quadrant of tooth: ~1 in right upper ~2 in left upper ~3 in left lower ~4 in right lower |
| What is the formula for permanent dentition in horses? | 2x (I3-C1-P3(4)-M3)/(I3-C1-P3(4)-M3) |
| How many molar teeth do dogs have in totoal? | 10 |
| Which nerve sends sensory nerves to the teeth? | Trigeminal nerve |
| 1) Great cardiac vein 2) Coronary sinus 3) Middle cardiac vein 4) Cirucmflex branch of left CA 5) Right interventricular/subsinuosal branch 6) Right coronary artery | |
| What is the coronary sinus? | Opening (into right atrium) just below the opening of the caudal vena cava through which the coronary veins drain into the right atrium |
| Name the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic pelvic plexus | ~Sympathetic: hypogastric ~Parasympathetic: pelvic nerve |
| Which structure do the sympathetic nerves which supply the pelvic plexus branch from? | Caudal mesenteric ganglion |
| Where do the parasympathetic nerves which supply the pelvic plexus come from? | Sacral segments: ~S1-S2 in dogs ~S2-S4 in cows and horses |
| Name the structure which supplies somatic innervation to the pelvis and hindlimb | Lumbosacral plexus |
| Intercommunicating branches of nerves from which vertebrae comprise the lumbosacral plexus? | Last 5 lumbar and 3 sacral nerves |
| List the nerves which comprise the lumbosacral plexus | ~Genitofemoral ~Femoral ~Obturator nerve ~Lumbosacral trunk ~Pudendal nerve |
| Which vertebral nerves are the root of the pudendal nerve? | ~S1-3 in dogs ~S2-4 in horses and cows |
| Which vertebra does the iliohypogastric nerve branch off of in the cow? | L1 |
| Which nerves form the brachial plexus? | Ventral rami of C6-C8 and T1 and T2 |
| Which nerve does the aortic nerve (which carries impulses from the aortic chemoreceptors) join to travel to the medulla oblongata? | Vagus |
| Which nerve does the sinus nerve (which carries impulses from the carotid body chemoreceptors) join to travel to the medulla oblongata? | Glossopharyngeal nerve |
| Where is the cell body of the carotid sinus nerve? Which nerve is the carotid sinus nerve a branch of? | ~Petrosal ganglion ~Glossopharyngeal nerve |
| What are corticosteroids? | Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex |
| Which types of hormones are produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland? | Mineralocorticoids (steroids) |
| Which types of hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland? | Glucocorticoids (steroids) |
| Which types of hormones are produced in the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland? | Androgens (steroid) |
| List the 2 major types of glucocorticoid | ~Cortisol ~Corticosterone |
| What is the main mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone |
| Which types of animal have an epitheliochorial placental classification? | ~Mares ~Sows ~Ruminants |
| Which types of animal have an endotheliochorial placental classification? | ~Cats ~Dogs |
| What is the main difference between epitheliochorial and endotheliochorial placentae? | Epitheliochorial placentae have 6 layers between the foetal BV and the maternal BV and endotheliochorial have 4 layers |
| Which embryological germ layer do the urinary tracts derive from? | Intermediate mesoderm |
| Which embryological layer does the musculo-skeletal system develop from? | Paraxial mesoderm |
| Which layer does the dermis of the skin, muscles of the abdomen and muscles lining the gut develop from? | Lateral plate mesoderm |
| Which embryological layer does the epithelial lining of the bladder and urethra develop from? | Endoderm |
| What type of epithelium surrounds the uterine tube? | Ciliated cuboidal |
| What type of epithelium surrounds the uterus? | Simple columnar |
| Which 2 enzymes are necessary to reverse the step in glycolysis catalysed by pyruvate kinase? | ~Pyruvate carboxylase ~PEP carboxylase |
| Where is erythropoetin produced? What is its purpose? | ~Kidney ~Stimulate RBC production in bone marrow |
| What is a podocyte? | Visceral epithelial cell of Bowman's capsule which surrounds the filtration capillaries found there |
| What is the simplified equation for calculating net filtration pressure? | NFP = Pcap - (πcap + Pbc) |
| Define GFR | Rate at which fluid is filtered in the glomerulus in ml/min |
| List the order in which the BVs which supply the kidneys branch off from the aorta | Renal arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arteries |
| Where does the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys come from? | Coeliacomesenteric ganglion |
| Where does the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys come from? | Vagus |
| Which nerves provide the bladder with parasympathetic innervation? What do these do? | ~Pelvic nerves ~Contract detrusor and relax internal sphincter: together this makes micturition |
| Which nerves provide the bladder with sympathetic innervation? What do these do? | ~Hypogastric nerves ~Inhibits detrusor and contracts internal sphincter: causes continence |
| Which nerve provides the bladder with somatic innervation? What does this do? | ~Pudendal nerve ~Contracts internal sphincter: continence |
| Which branches of the urogenital artery supply the bladder? Which artery does the urogenital artery branch off from? | ~Vesical branches ~Internal iliac artery |
| Where does the external urethral sphincter get its innervation from? | Pudendal nerve (at S1/S2?) |
| Name the type of neurotransmitter responsible for bronchoconstriction. Which type of receptors does this neurotransmitter act on? | Cholinergic: acts on muscarinic receptors |
| Name the type of neurotransmitter responsible for bronchodilation. Which type of receptors does this neurotransmitter act on? | Adrenergic: acts on alpha and beta receptors |
| Name the hormone responsible for bronchoconstriction. Which type of receptors does it act on? | Acetylcholine: muscarinic receptors |
| Name the hormone responsible for bronchodilation. Which type of receptors does it act on? | Norepinephrine: acts on alpha and beta receptors |
| Presumptive dorsal right aorta | Presumptive dorsal right aorta |
| What is the sinus venosus? | Area in developing heart through which blood enters |
| Via which structure does blood leave the heart tube? | Truncus arteriosus |
| Between which chambers of the heart does the septum intermedium form? | Atria and ventricles |
| Between which chambers of the heart does the septum primum form? | Atria |
| Which type of epithelium is present in the alveoli of the lungs of the foetus? Why would this type of epithelium be inappropriate in the adult? | Cuboidal: inappropriate because too thick for diffusion to occur across easily |
| What do the cartilage rings/trachealis muscle etc. form from? | Lateral plate mesoderm |
| Which embryological germ layer does the musculoskeletal system form from? | Para-axial mesoderm |
| Which embryological germ layer does the urogenital systems form from? | Intermediate mesoderm |
| What are the 2 divisions of the lateral plate mesoderm? | ~Parietal mesoderm (attached to body wall) ~Visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm (attached to forming viscera) |
| Which plexus in the wall of the gut controls secretion? | Submucosal |
| Which plexus in the wall of the gut controls muscle activity? | Myenteric |
| What are the major neurotransmitters of the submucosal plexus? | Acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| What are the major neurotransmitters of the myenteric plexus? | ~Ach ~Vasointestinal peptide ~Nitric oxide |
| Which substances are implemented during the cephalic stage of gastric secretion? Which nerve is involved? | ~Ach, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), histamine ~Vagus nerve |
| Which neurotransmitters are implemented in the GI reflexes of the gastric stage of gastric secretion? Where do the short and long reflexes travel through? | ~Ach, gastrin and histamine ~Short reflexes through myenteric plexus ~Long reflexes are central (ie. travel through CNS) |
| What does the acetylcholine released during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion stimulate? | Release of GRP and histamine --> parietal cells --> acid secreted |
| Where are Brunner's glands found and what do they secrete? What is the purpose of this secretion? | ~SI (submucosa) ~HCO3- (bicarbonate) and mucous ~Intended to dilute products of digestion, protect mucosal epithelium and neutralise stomach acid |
| How, and via which nerve, are Brunner's glands stimulated? | Stimulated by Ach and secretin (via vagus nerve?) and mechanical stimulation |
| Where, specifically, within the pancreas are digestive enzymes produced? | Acinar cells |
| Where, specifically, in the pancreas is bicarbonate produced? | In the cells lining the ducts (particularly striated) which carry fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum |
| Name the only enzyme produced by the SI for digestion. What is its function? | ~Enteropeptidase ~Converts trypsinogen into trypsin |
| Which neurotransmitter stimulates the release of adrenaline during the fight or flight response? Where is the adrenaline released from? | ~Acetylcholine ~Adrenal medulla |
| Briefly outline the release of cortisol in response to a stressful stimulus | Hyp. senses stress --> releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) --> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released from anterior pit. --> travels in blood to adrenals --> stimulates cortisol release from adrenals --> negative feedback of cortisol to ant. pit. to decrease ACTH production |
| Which nerve provides the heart with sympathetic innervation? | Cardiac nerve |
| Which nerve provides the heart with parasympathetic innervation? | 10th cranial (vagus) |
| Which nerves control the rate of salivary secretion? | Parotid and sublingual nerves |
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