Flashcards
Principles of classical conditioning
Cards in this deck (20)
- 1Laws of associations: contiguityrepeated presentation in close proximity leads to development of learned association
- 2Temporal contiguityShort-delay: CS presented 1sec before, <1/2 sec to short
Simultaneous conditioning: should be strongest but is poor as subject doesn't notice CS
Rules: CS needs to be good predictor of US - 3Temporal contiguity: trace conditioningCS and US separated by time interval where neither are present
subject must remember CS
Increased interval = decreased conditioning - 4Long-delay conditioningCS precedes US for several seconds but continues until US is presented
as trials continue subject may learn passage of time
develop compound stimulus: CS onset + time - 5Backward conditioningCS presented after US
From perspective of contiguity if the CS and US are equally contiguous (backwards and short-delay) should be equal conditioning
Need temporal AND order
after many trials backwards CS becomes inhibitory - signals period of time with no US - 6Spatial contiguitystrongest when stimuli are close together
- 7Laws of association: frequencystrength of CR increases rapidly initially before plateuing out as it approaches asymptote
- 8Laws of association: intensityintensity of stimuli determines association strength
intensity of US determines upper limit of learning
intensity of CS also important - needs to be salient
Limitation: strong stimuli often elicit responses of own e.g. loud buzzer makes person jump - 9Rescorla - ContingencyPaper of 1966
temporal contiguity not sufficient
CS must be a good predictor of US - 10Rescorla-contingency positive v negative contingencyProbability of one event is higher/ lower if another event has occured
US will/ will not occur given CS was presented
p(US/CS) | p(US/noCS) - 11Contingency: US always occurs with CSp(shock/tone) = 1
p(shock/ notone) = 0
Perfect positive contingency
e.g. smoke always indicates burning - 12Contingency: US occurs when CS is absent but never on trials with CSp(shock/ tone) = 0
p(shock/ no tone) = 1
Perfect negative contingency - CS signals absence of US
e.g. sunblock prevents sunburn - 13Contingency: US shock more likely to occur during CSp(shock/ tone) = 0.6
p (shock/ no tone) = 0.2
Moderate predictive value, contingency would be 0.4 - 14Contingency: US occurs equally with and without CSp(shock/ tone) = 0.1
p (shock/ no tone) = 0.1
contingency is zero, CS provides no new information - 15Rescorlas proofContingency (shock only when tone was present)
Random (same shock-tone pairings plus additional random shock/ tones)
No conditioning in random group
Conditioning depends on CS predicting US - 16Garcia and Koelling - PreparednessPavlov - any natural phenomenon will be converted
taste aversion: drinking suppressed by flavoured water but not light (audiovisual had no effect)
electric shock: drinking suppressed by light not flavour (taste had no effect)
associated some CS-US more readily than others - 17Principles that determine strength of conditioningcontiguity
frequency
intensity
contingency
preparedness - 18Implications for how psychologists view learning contiguity, uniformity, preparednesspreparedness experiment shows need more than contiguity
some conditioning (taste aversion) can have longer (24hr) intervals and still be conditioned
preparedness exits for survival don't want to develop aversion to everything - 19blockingpreviously paired shrimp will block aversion to vegetable
pretraining N > shock, conditioning NL > shock, testing L > shock
pretrained group = suppression ratio of 0.45 (minimal fear), the pretraining blocked conditioning to light as it offered no new information, the noise was enough of a predictor - 20Kamin - memory searchesanimals scan memory if US was unexpected or surprising
in blocking experiment, rats in pretraining group would have seen noise and expected shock so didn't need to memory search (so didn't associate light)
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- Psy236 Flashcards on Principles of classical conditioning, created by steph.goodman94 on 10/11/2014.
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