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Flashcards

Population and the Environment

Sam Carvell Geography A level English 112 cards

Cards in this deck (112)

  1. 1Climate (3)1. Climate has a direct impact on food supply as it determines the global distribution of farming types.
    2. water supplies are controlled in quantity and distribution of rainfall.
    3. Drive nature and level of disease.
  2. 2Soils (2)1. Key relevance is their fertility.
    2. Densely populated areas often occur where there are fertile soils.
  3. 3Resource Distributions (3)1. Water is needed for agriculture, industry and domestic use.
    2. Variations in rainfall mean that some areas have a surplus of water and some have a deficit.
    3. The location of energy resources is determined by environmental factors
  4. 4Population Parameters (4)1. Distribution
    2. Density
    3. Number
    4. Change
  5. 5Role of development processes (2)1. human ability to acquire and make use of the resources made available by the physical environment
    2. Developments such as the industrial revolution have had a negative impact on the environment
  6. 6Food Production (3)1. Green Revolution - increased use of high yielding crop varieties
    2. Increased reliance on global trade
    3. Enough food to feed the whole world but distribution is uneven
  7. 7Food Consumption (2)1. Dietary energy requirements differ by age and gender
    2. Undernourishment has decreased in all regions except for Africa were it has increased
  8. 8Commercial Farmingthe majority of the produce is sold for money
  9. 9Subsistence Farmingthe majority of the produce is consumed by the landowner and the farm workers
  10. 10Intensive FarmingRelatively small scale farming
  11. 11Capital Intensivemoney is invested in soil improvement, machinery and pest control
  12. 12Labour Intensivethe number of farm workers is high and so there is a high output per hectare but a low output per worker
  13. 13Extensive Farmingcarried out on a large scale over a large area
  14. 14Agricultural Producitivitytypically measured in terms of yield
  15. 15Polar Climates1. Long and intensely cold winters
    2. permanently frozen ground
    3. The only from of arable farming in such as place is one where the farmer creates an artificial environment
    4. Deer are both hunted and herded
  16. 16Tropical Monsoon Climate1. the seasonal reversal of winds which bring about high amounts of rain
    2. Rice seedlings are grown in nurseries until the monsoon rains transplant them into flooded fields
    3. Bad monsoon rains can negatively effect the economy
  17. 17Example of adaptation to climate change INDIAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (3)1. Superior seed varieties were tested
    2. Farmland levelled by laser improved water-use efficiency by 20%
    3. Greater crop diversification with higher yields
  18. 18Zonal Soilsa major soil group often classified as covering a wide geographic area.
  19. 19Chernozem (2)1. Black and rich in organic matter
    2. Continental climate e.g Russian Steppes
  20. 20Latosols (2)1. Red/Yellow not much organic matter in the soil
    2. tropical climate e.g Amazon Rainforest
  21. 21Soil Erosion (2)1. The wearing away of the topsoil.
    2. Farmers want to protect this layer because it has the highest organic content.
  22. 22Water Erosion Control (2)1. installing and maintaining field drains
    2. reducing the amount of water running off roads and into fields
  23. 23Wind Erosion Control (2)1. increasing soil cohesion y applying organic matter
    2. increasing plant cover so that surface wind speed can be cut
  24. 24Waterlogging of Soilwhen the pore spaces in the soil get occupied by water rather than air plants can no longer respire
  25. 25Salinisation1. the buildup of salts in soil eventually to toxic levels
    2. Can greatly reduce the yield of many crop varieties
  26. 26Structural Deterioration of Soils1. Can be caused by over farming as it reduces the organic content in the topsoil
    2. Also compaction of soil
  27. 27Food Security (4)1. Food Availablity
    2. Food Access
    3. Food use
    4. Food Stability
  28. 28Food Security Pointsenough food globally to feed everyone but not all in the right places.
    globalisation may or may not lead to the persistence of food insecurity
  29. 29Increasing Food Production LWH (2)1. Rwanda
    2. Increase the productivity and commercialisation of small farmers
  30. 30LWH Aims (3)1. Improving access to nutrition rich veg
    2. training communities in the construction of kitchen gardens
    3. partnering with local institutions to create financial products for smallholder farmers
  31. 31LWH Success (3)1. 75 farmers were able to build new houses
    2. farmers were able to buy goats and cows
    3. Introduction of kitchen gardens improved people's diet and overall nutrition
  32. 32Improving Post Harvest Practices World Food Programme Aims (3)1. reduce post harvesting food losses of grains
    2. increase the ability of small holder farmers to link to markets to sell surplus product
    3. make sure that the surplus is sold at the optimum time
  33. 33WFP Challenges (2)1. Losses of harvested crop - exposed to chemicals and microorganisms
    2. Food Safety - Health risks to eating the contaminated food after and before harvesting
  34. 34WFP Solutions1. Correct timing and planting of crops
    2. properly drying crop to reduce fungal growth
    3. threshing - avoid grain damage
    4. avoid leaving on the open ground
  35. 35DALYSThe number of healthy life lost by being in poor health or a state of disability
  36. 36Healtha state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
  37. 37Morbidityrelates to illness or disease
  38. 38Mortalityrelates to death
  39. 39Economic Developments associated with improved health (3)1. technology to improve food productivity and production
    2. improved transport infrastructure to distribute food and health supplies
    3. investment in drainage and sewer systems
  40. 40Social Developments improving health (3)1. improved sanitation
    2. better education
    3. advances in medical technology such as antibiotics and vaccines
  41. 41Epidemiological Transition Modelsocio-economic developments accounts for a shift from infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases
  42. 42ETM Sections (4)1. Age of pestilence and famine - 20-40
    2. Age of receding pandemics - 30-50
    3. Age of degenerative and man-made diseases - 50-60
    4. Age of delayed degenerative diseases - 70+
  43. 433 types of ETM models1. Classical Model - slow decline in death rates
    2. Accelerated Model - more rapid transition
    3. Contemporary Model - infant mortality remains high
  44. 44Environmental factors affecting disease (4)1. Climate
    2. Topography, Drainage and Health
    3. Air Quality
    4. Water Quality
  45. 45Climate (2)1. SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder - Winter Depression
    2. Hayfever and asthma
  46. 46Topography1. Flood plains next to rivers when they flood can cause death and spread water borne diseases like cholera
  47. 47Air Quality (2)1. Air pollution is a major problem affecting both developed and developing countries
    2. Causes diseases such as heart disease and lung cancer
  48. 48Water Quality1. Diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera are caused by bacteria in the water that people drink.
    2. Malaria have water-related vectors
    3. Legionnaires disease is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria which infect the lungs and cause pnuemonia
  49. 49Malaria Background (4)1. Malaria is a vector borne disease biologically transmitted by mossies
    2. 2013 - 584,000 Dead
    3. Parasite is injected into the persons blood stream
    4. Symptoms include fever, headache and vomiting
  50. 50Malaria Links to Physical Environment (2)1. Mosquitos breed in stagnant water and transmission is highest just after rainy season.
    2. Land use - forested areas in India are more susceptible to infection
  51. 51Malaria Socio-Economic Environment (5)1. Poorest countries have the biggest malaria burden
    2. Housing Quality
    3. Unsanitary Conditions - Pollution
    4. Occupation - Farmers
    5. Age and Gender - Kids
  52. 52Impacts of Malaria (4)1. Increases school and work absenteeism
    2. decreases tourism
    3. Inhibits foreign investment
    4. affects crop production
  53. 53Management of Malaria (3)1. Prompt and effective treatment with artemisinin based combination therapies
    2. use insecticidal nets
    3. indoor residual spraying with insecticide to control the vector mosquitos
  54. 54Coronary Heart Disease Background (3)1. world's leading cause of death
    2. 7.5 million deaths annually
    3. Blood vessels become blocked and starvation of oxygen occurs
  55. 55CHD Links to Physical Environment1. Air Quality / industrialisation has negative effects
    2. Cold and damp weather
    3. No clear links with topography
  56. 56CHD Links to socio-economic factors1. poor diet and lifestyle factors contribute heavily to CHD in developed countries
    2. tobacco use
    3. alcohol use
    4. diabetes
    5. infrequent excercise
  57. 57Impacts of CHD (3)1. The most common symptom of CHD is angina, a low level but fairly constant chest pain
    2. cost to he person and family with healthcare and time off work
    3. cost to the government with a loss of productivity
  58. 58Management of CHD (2)1. Prevention - eating more fruit and veg, increased treatment of high blood pressure
    2. Health Education - Encouragement to exercise and promoting a healthy diet
  59. 59WHO (4)1. efforts led to the eradication of smallpox
    2. special attention to HIV/AIDS policies
    3. responsible for the classification of diseases
    4. advising on the treatment and prevention of both communicable and non communicable diseases
  60. 60Medecins Sans Frontieres (3)1. NGO with projects in over 60 countries
    2. Tackles diseases such as cholera, malaria and HIV.
    3. Campaigns for price cuts on expensive medicines made by pharmaceutical companies
  61. 61Emigranta person leaving there native area or country to settle somewhere else
  62. 62Immigranta person moving moving into an area which they are not native in order to settle there
  63. 63Infant Mortality Ratethe number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 births
  64. 64Natural Changethe difference between birth rate and death rate
  65. 65Cultural ControlsImportant in determining fertility rates and population growth.
  66. 66ReligionSome religions will prohibit the use of some forms of contraception
  67. 67Gender 21. Gender Preference
    2. Status of Women
  68. 68Gender Preferencesome societies have a distinct preference for having male children as they are expected to farm the land in some countries
  69. 69Status of Womenwomen are still discriminated against in many cultures often not receiving education and expected to leave family to look after in-laws.
  70. 70Marriage Traditions1. Child Marriage
    2. Polygamy
  71. 71Child MarriageIn many African Countries the minimum marriage age can range from 12 to 18 and this will have an effect of the amount of children someone has
  72. 72PolygamyWhen a man takes more than 1 wife and this is especially common in much of Africa and the Middle-East.
  73. 73Population Policiesstrategies advocating population control will influence culture.
  74. 74Demographic Transition ModelTraces the change from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and death rates.
  75. 75Britains Demographic TransitionFits the demographic model due to things such as improved healthcare and birth control.
  76. 76Population Structure - age and sex composition 21. depicted by the construction of a population pyramid.
    2. Provides insights into past trends in population
  77. 77Dependency and its Implications1. Young Dependants 0-14
    2. Economically Active 15-64
    3. Elderly Dependent 65+
  78. 78Impact of natural change on population structure1. The shape of the population pyramid evolves based on changes in fertility and mortality.
    2. The DTM gives a predicted sequence of change in birth rates and death rates overtime.
  79. 79Demographic DividendA period when the population structure of a country means there is low dependency.
  80. 80International MIgrationThe other major component of population change
  81. 81Types of Migrant 31. Refugees
    2. Asylum Seekers
    3. Economic Migrants
  82. 82Asylum SeekerA person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum on grounds they fear for their life.
  83. 83Economic MigrantA person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek employment in another country.
  84. 84RefugeeAn asylum seeker whose application claim for asylum was successful.
  85. 85Push FactorsReasons which are based at the origin of the migration and which initiate the migrants desire to move.
  86. 86Pull FactorsBased at the intended destination of the migrant and attract people.
  87. 87Examples of Push factors 31. War
    2. Natural Disasters
    3. Shortage of Food
  88. 88Examples of Pull Factors 31. Better quality of life
    2. Political Stability
    3. Retiring
  89. 89European migrant crisis1. Syrian War
    2. Over 3 million refugees
    3. Many people will have learnt english in their home country so choose to come to the UK.
  90. 90Impact of Migration Change on population structureAge and gender specific so can affect structure and usually has an immediate impact
  91. 91Health Implications of Migration 31.Disease Transmission
    2.Health Services
    3.During Migration
  92. 92Disease TransmissionPeople moving from developing world to developed could mean that diseases are transmitted via this e.g TB
  93. 93Health Services 31. Economic Migrants pose a disproportionately small burden on health services
    2. Some migrants do place greater stress on parts of the health service - associated with social deprivation
    3. The health of migrants deteriorates with age and length of stay.
  94. 94During MigrationParticularly relevant for refugees and the trauma they may suffer during migration
  95. 95Population EcologyIn ecology, population growth in determined by birth and death rates.
  96. 96Biotic Potentialthe natural reproductive potential of a species
  97. 97Environmental Resistancemortality rates controlled by environmental factors that prevent survival
  98. 98Overpopulationexists when there are too many people in the area relative to the available resources
  99. 99Underpopulationoccurs when there are too few people to use the resources efiiciently for a given level of technology.
  100. 100Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size that an area or environment can sustain indefinetly
  101. 101Ecological Footprinta measure of the demand placed by humans on earths natural ecosystems
  102. 102OvershootAn ecological term referring to a point when the population and its associated consumption of resources exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment
  103. 103Negative Implications of ecological footprints 31. climate change
    2. more land taken for settlement, industry and transport
    3. threat of species extinction
  104. 104Malthusultimate limit to how much human population can grow and is determined by the environment and its ability to produce food
  105. 105Boseruphuman ingenuity could increase the carrying capacity required for population growth
  106. 106Simonevery long term measure of human material welfare shows improvement in all parts of the world
  107. 107Health Impacts of global environmental change 61. Ozone Depletion
    2. Skin Cancer
    3. Cataracts
    4. Climate Change
    5. Heatwaves
    6. Cold Spells
  108. 108Vector Borne DIseases 41. Malaria
    2. Lyme disease
    3. West Nile virus
    4. Zika virus
  109. 109Agricultural Productivity Direct Impacts 31. mid-high latitidues yields will increase
    2. crops grown in lower latitudes will be viable in north
    3. large gains in agricultural land
  110. 110Agricultural Productivity Indirect Impacts 31. Killing pests and diseases
    2. changes in water availability
    3. Sea level rise
  111. 111Drivers of world population growth 21. Fertility Rate
    2. Life Expectancy
  112. 112—

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A level Geography Flashcards on Population and the Environment, created by Sam Carvell on 12/01/2019.
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