Flashcards

US History

Tamami Nasuna English 47 cards

Cards in this deck (47)

1The Virginia Company: 1606The Virginia Company refers to two joint stock companies that were dedicated to starting a new settlement in America. In 1607, an expedition led by John Smith was sent to America, and thus Jamestown was created
2Jamestown: 1607Jamestown was the first English settlement created in America. It was founded by the Virginia Company, and was located on the east bank of the Powhatan river. After several failed settlements, this was the first permanent English settlement. There were many hardships that the settlers had to endure, such as the 'Starving Time', diseases, and conflict with the Native Americans that inhabited the lands.
3Powhatan RelationsPowhatan was the chief of the Powhatan group of Native Americans that inhabited Virginia during the early 17th century. The relations between the people of Jamestown and Powhatan was very important to the development of the settlement. If the Natives felt threatened by the settlers, they were likely to attack, and the settlers were already greatly weakened in numbers. Luckily, Powhatan was wise and benevolent leader, and wanted to trade with the settlers. He named John Smith one of his sub chiefs, and he even allowed the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe, another English expeditioner.
4The House of BurgessesThe House of Burgesses was created in Jamestown, and it was the first democratically-elected legislative body in British America. All white, male landowners over the age of 17 were allowed to elect a representative. These representatives then regulated things like taxes, local laws, and carrying out the governments orders.
5Bacon's RebellionBacon's rebellion refers to the rebellion of a group of Virginia settlers against governor William Berkeley. The rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon, was caused by the settlers resentment against Berkeley for his special treatment of the rich, his friendly policies towards the Native Americans, and his mistreatment of the farmers/lower class, in the form of very high taxes. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies, and it resulted in Berkeley being recalled back to England.
6King Phillip's WarKing Phillip's War, also known as Metacom's war, was the last major effort by the Native American's to drive out the English settlers. Chief Metacom, also known as King Phillip, led the uprising of the Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck, Naragansett tribes. After fourteen months of bloody battles, Metacom was captured and beheaded. Some of his supporters became slaves, and others escaped to Canada to start a new life, away from the English settlers.
7PuritansThe Puritans were English protestants who sought to purify the Church of England. They believed that the Church of England was too heavily influenced by the Roman Catholic church, and that it needed to be more protestant. The faced a lot of persecution in England, and thus many of them sought religious freedom in the new American colonies
8PilgrimsThe Pilgrims were the English Puritans who migrated to the American colonies in search of religious freedom. A group of Puritans boarded the ship the Mayflower and sailed for America, becoming the first English settlers to settle in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. There, they set up a colony that was completely based upon their Puritan beliefs.
9The Development of Rhode IslandThe Rhode Island colony was developed by Roger Williams in 1636. After being banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony for his opposing religious views, Roger Williams settled on land granted to him by the Narragansett tribe on the edge of the Narragansett bay. He declared it a place of religious freedom, and it became populated with people from many different religious groups, such as Baptists, Quakers, and Jews.
10Half-Way CovenantThe Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial-church membership that was developed in the Puritan colonies as away to convert non-puritans into the Puritan religion. This allowed non-Puritans to join the Puritan church as a partial member, and thus allowed them to have their children baptized, which granted them political rights.
11Salem Witch TrialsThe Salem Witch Trials was a period of persecution and execution of suspected witches in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. More than 200 people, mostly women, were accused, and 19 of them were found guilty and subsequently executed by hanging. This
period of hysteria continued from early 1692 to early 1693, but was brought to an end as the accusations started to reach the wives of political officials. However, the painful history of the senseless loss of lives still lingered.
12The Loss of the Massachusetts CharterIn 1684, Massachusetts lost its charter, and in 1691, it became a royal colony. The reason for this is because of the disagreements between the leaders in England and the leaders in Massachusetts. A lot of those disagreements also had to do with the differing religious views of the two groups.
13Dutch Settlement of New AmsterdamIn 1624, the Dutch created a successful settlement on the tip of Manhattan island, and named it New Amsterdam. To make it official, in 1626 the Dutch governor formally purchased Manhattan from the local tribe there. Control over New Amsterdam passed between the English and the Dutch over the next couple of years, but control was ultimately won by the English. In 1686, it became the first city in the colonies to receive a royal charter, and the name was changed to New York, after the Duke of York
14Settlement of PennsylvaniaIn 1664, the a Swedish colony was seized by the Duke of York. At the time, King Charles II owed $80,000 to Admiral Sir William Penn, so as repayment, he granted what is now known as Pennsylvania to his son, William Penn. Originally, Penn tried to name the territory New Whales, but the name was rejected. Instead, he called it Sylvania, and the King decided to change it to Pennsylvania (Penn's Woods) in honor of his father.
15French Settlement in QuebecIn the early 1600s, the French were very much involved in the fur trade with Native Americans, as excessive hunting had made furs scarce in Europe. The competition for furs became very intense, and traders were fighting and even killing one another. To repel rivals, the French built a fortified trading post on the St. Lawrence river in 1608. Thus, Quebec became the first permanent European settlement in Canada.
16MercantilismMercantilism is an economic theory that was very dominant in the modernized parts of Europe from the 16th to 18th century. Mercantilism stated that a countries exports should exceed their imports, so many countries, like Britain, would trade with their colonies in order to improve their economies. It also included the belief that colonies existed just to aid the mother country, so colonies would have to pay many taxes in order to support the mother country.
17Trans-Atlantic TradeThe Trans-Atlantic trade was the transportation of slaves by slave traders from Africa to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. An estimated 10-12 million African Americans were transported and sold as slaves in return for goods like sugar, tobacco, cotton, molasses, and rum. The Portuguese were the first to engage in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, followed by the Spanish, the French, the English, and the Dutch.
18The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage refers to stage of the Triangular Trade where the slaves were packed onto boats and shipped from Africa to the Americas. The conditions on these ships were horrendous, and the mortality rate was more than 13%. Disease was rampant, as slaves were packed so tightly together the hardly had room to move, and they saw little to no sunlight. They were fed next to nothing, and most were forced to defecate were they slept. The voyage took around 21-90 days, and so many dead slaves were thrown overboard that often sharks would follow the boats on their journey.
19The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept the colonies in the mid 1700's. Many Christian leaders traveled from town to town, giving sermons and renewing people's dedication and enthusiasm for religion. Many of the ideas preached about at the time were images of human as sinners, and God being an angry judge. One of the most famous sermons at the time was "Sinners at the Hand of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards. Hundreds were inspired and revitalized by the messages of these leaders, but the Great Awakening came to and end in 1740
20French and Indian WarThe French Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, was a battle between two sides, the British and the colonists vs the French and their Native American allies. The British were determined to drive the French out of North America. The real war started over the Ohio River Valley. To discourage the British from moving into the area, the French built Fort Duquesne. The British governor of Virginia sent colonial troops to drive the French out of that area, but ultimately, they were forced to surrender. This defeat marked the start of a world war that spread all from America,to Africa, Europe, Asia, and the West Indies.
211763 Treaty of ParisIn 1758, the tide of the war started to shift in the British's favor. They cut off the French shipping to America, and thus, any Native’s stopped supporting the French because they no longer had anything to give them. Instead, they allied themselves with the British, which gave them the upper hand. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the war in favor of the British, who walked away with Canada, the Great Lakes country, the Ohio River valley, and Florida, thus succeeding in driving the French from North America.
22The Proclamation of 1763After the French Indian War, the British no longer needed the Natives' support, so they started to invade their land again. In the spring of 1763, the Native's launched surprise attacks against the British in an attempt to weaken them and bring the French back to North America. The rebellion died down when the Native’s ran out of guns and ammunition, and the new military commander, Thomas Gage, recognized that it would be much less expensive to respect the Native’s than to keep fighting them. The native’s made peace in return for the British promising to restrain the colonists, and the British created the Proclamation of 1763, which forced colonists to remain east of the Appalachian mountains.
23The Stampt ActThe Stamp Acts were the acts that forced the colonists to pay tax to put stamps on certain documents, like court orders, books, contracts, and newspapers. Although this was one of the least outrageous of the acts that were forced on the colonists, the colonists were quite outraged when they received this tax. The prime minister George Grenville was the greatest supporter of this and various other acts.
24The Intolerable ActsThe Intolerable Acts were put in place after the incidents of the Boston Tea Party.
1.The Boston Port Act, which shut down the Port of Boston until they paid back all the money for the tea that had been dumped.
2. The Massachusetts Government Act, which essentially transferred the power of the Massachusetts government over to British leaders, so the colony no longer had control of their own government.
3. Administration of Justice Act, which made it so that if royal officials committed a crime in the colonies, they could be tried back in Great Britain.
4. The Quartering Act, which forced the colonists to provide room and board for British soldiers stationed in their area, and if necessary, house them in their private homes as well.
25Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"Thomas Paine’s ‘Common Sense’ was a pamphlet written in 1776, about why the colonies should separate from Britain. It was a persuasive document that warned the colonists about how they were getting no advantages from Britain, and were being exploited in return. The document was one of the leading advisers of the Declaration of Independence.
26The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was the document that was adopted by the Second Continental Congress that formally announced The United States' separation from Britain on July 4, 1776. The Declaration consisted of 5 parts, the Preamble, the Rights of the People, the List of Grievances, the Declaration, and then the list of signatures. The Declaration was signed by 56 people, including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson
27John LockeJohn Locke was an English philosopher during the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. He was a greatly influential philosopher, and his political theory of government greatly influenced the Declaration of Independence. The idea of the government as consent by the governed, as a means to protect 'life, liberty, and property' was used as one of the biggest points in the Declaration of Independence.
28Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette, better known as just Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the Revolutionary War. He was a key factor in the Battle of Yorktown, where he and his troops held off Commander Cornwallis more American and French troops could come and siege Yorktown. He was very good friends with George Washington.
29George WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. During the Revolutionary War, he served was General Washington and led Patriot forces to victory against the British and became a national hero. In 1789, he was named the first President of the United States. During his presidency, he passed down a legacy of national purpose, strength, and integrity, and is remembered as one of the greatest and most influential presidents of the United States.
30Crossing of the Delaware RiverThe crossing of the Delaware river was the first move in a surprise attack during the revolutionary war. On the night of December 25, 1776, George Washington led the Continental Army across the Delaware river into New Jersey, where they launched a surprise attack against the British. This attack, and the decisive victory that followed it, helped to turn the tide of the war back into the American's favor.
31Valley ForgeValley Forge is well known, not for a battle that was fought, but for the strength and morale of the soldiers present there. For six months, from December 19, 1777, to Jun 19, 1778, the continental army encamped a few miles from Philadelphia, under the command of George Washington. Of the 11,000 men stationed there, hundreds of them died from disease, but still, the troops were held together by loyalty to General Washington, and the Patriot cause.
32Battle of YorktownThe Battle/Siege of Yorktown, was a decisive victory won over the British with the combined forces of the American Continental army and the French army. This battle is known as the most important battle in the Revolutionary War, as General George Washington led 17,000 French and Continental troops against General Cornwallis. Washington, aided greatly by a blockade by Marquis Lafayette, completely surrounded the 9,000 British troops, and after a non-stop three week bombardment, Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781. This marked the end of the battle for independence.
33Treaty of Paris 1783The British were crushed by the loss of 8,000 soldiers, and the public was fed up with the casualties and heavy taxes after 7 years of war. A new British administration came in to power, and they were determined to make peace. So, when a delegation of Americans, led by Benjamin Franklin, presented the Treaty of Paris, the British accepted it. This treaty recognized american independence, and secured them even more land than the patriots had won in the war. It also served to strain America's relationship with the French, who had expected to be the ones to control the negotiations.
34Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation were created in an attempt to create a central government, while still allowing the states to retain individual control. But, there were many holes and weaknesses in the articles, such as the fact that congress could not collect taxes, the articles could only be amended with the consent of all the states, and there was no system of federal courts. This made the articles unstable, and therefore made the American government as a whole unstable.
35Daniel Shay's RebellionDaniel Shays’ rebellion was started by a group of farmers in Massachusetts. After the Revolutionary War, the American economy was weakened, and was thus trying to collect their debts. Most farmers were in debt, and when all of the collectors started to ask for it at once, they were unable to pay it back. Many were served with lawsuits and faced with the loss of their crops, property, and livestock. In western Massachusetts, a group of farmers took up arms to close down the courts and prevent any foreclosure hearings. Led by Daniel Shay, a veteran of the Revolutionary war, 1,000 men went to steal weapons from the Springfield Armory, and the government of Massachusetts was forced to raise an army against them. The rebellion was stopped, but it exposed many weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.
36FederalistsFederalists were Americans that believed in instigating a strong federal government that would have a lot of control over all of the states. Some popular federalists were John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
37Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists didn’t want to go back to the way that being under Britain’s rule was. They didn’t want to have one person making all the decisions for them, so they were against having a strong federal government and wanted most of the power to belong to the states. Thomas Jefferson and Samuel Adams were prominent anti-federalists
38Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances is a principle of the American Government guaranteed by the constitution, which makes it so that each branch of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), has some measure of influence over the other branches. This ensures that no branch of government will have absolute power, and can be kept in check by the other branches.
39Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton was one of the Founding Fathers of America, and was very influential in the creation of many of the important documents, such as the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution. He was one of the leaders who fought to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger version of itself, and helped to ratify the Constitution by writing more than half of the installments of the Federalist papers.
40James MadisonJames Madison was one of the Founding Fathers of America, and also served as the fourth president of America from 1809 to 1817. He earned the nickname "Father of the Constitution" after he composed the first draft of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He was one of the advocates for a strong central government.
41The Great CompromiseWhile delegates from each state were trying to come to an agreement on revising the Articles of Confederation, there were two sides that came up with two different compromises; The Virginia compromise and the New Jersey compromise.The Virginia compromise was leaning more towards federalism, and the New Jersey compromise was leaning more towards anti-federalism. Roger Sherman came up with the idea to combine both compromises into one; The Great Compromise. This invented the different elements of government that we have today, such as the Senate and the House of Representatives that are apart of the legislative branch
42Separation of PowersThe Separation of Powers is an element written into the Constitution that divides the government into three separate bodies; The Legislature, The Executive, and The Judiciary. This makes it so that each branch has its own responsibilities and can focus on those responsibilities, and it also ensures that no ones branch can have absolute power, as they are kept in check by the other branches.
43Limited GovernmentLimited Government is a political policy that is key to the structure of democracy present in America. This states that the governments power is restricted by pre defined limits, as such, the government only has so much power as the people give to it. Thus, government power is restricted by laws.
44Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights were the first ten amendments to the constitution, due mostly to the efforts of the anti-federalists. James Madison drew up a draft of the Bill of Rights, focusing on various individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religion. He also added something in the ninth amendment that allowed for future amendments as well. Congress then passed the bill in 1789.
45John AdamsJohn Adams was one of the Founding Fathers of America, and served as the first vice-president, and second president of the United States of America. He was a leader during the American Revolution, and even served as a delegate in Europe to help negotiate the Treaty of Paris. He also helped to draft the first Declaration of Independence.
46Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest that occurred during George Washington's term of presidency. After years of aggression over the tax on whiskey enacted by the federal government, farmers and distillers in Pennsylvania rebelled against the tax collectors. Washington, although reluctant, was forced to send troops in to to calm down what some feared could turn into a full-blown revolution.
47Bibliographyhttps://www.history.com/
https://www.connexus.com/extra/thirdpartyproviders/pearson/htmlbook/USHistory/
http://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/crossing-of-the-delaware/