Flashcards
Social Policy
Cards in this deck (58)
- 1Social PolicyThe development and implementation of:
1. Social Welfare (income security programs like EI or CPP; social services like addiction or employment services)
2. Healthcare
3.Post-secondary education - 2Public PolicyAll policy that is not social policy (government laws, regulations, court decisions, and local ordinances)
- 3Starting from the beginning of the workday on January 2, 2018 until __________Canada's 100 highest CEOs pocketed what most Canadians work all year to earn. Average income of Canadians______________.10:57 am
$49,738 - 4Canada's 100 highest paying CEOs made ______ times more than the average Canadian worker, making an average ___________ annually.209
$10.4 - 5DemograntA universal income security program (ie basic income)
- 6Canada's CEOs were the loudest critics against plans to increase the minimum wage, yet their average hourly rate in 2016 was $2,489.62 per hour.An average worker in Ontario would need to work 1.1 month to make one hour of the richest 100 CEOs hourly rate.
- 7What does the World Health Organization state is the biggest killer and most significant cause of suffering in the world?Poverty
- 8IdeologyA shared way of thinking - based on values, beliefs, attitudes, experiences, etc.
Affects politics and the distribution of societal resources.
Informs the kinds of policies enacted for social welfare. - 9Conservative IdeologyFreedom
Individualism
Inequality inevitable (unemployment is a good thing, produces competetition, inequality as an incentive)
Limited role of government (ie Doug Ford reducing the council)
Free enterprise, free trade
Social programs hinder the market, often too generous (ppl should be forced to go to work)
Nobless oblige and the deserving poor
anti-collective - 10ConservatismAccumulation of wealth under competitive capitalism
Progressive Conservatives: Individualism and modified state intervention to ensure minimum standard of living - 11Neo-ConservatismIndividual entirely responsible for their own well-being (Residual view)
Public welfare/assistance creates dependency and discourages hard work and self-sufficiency
Dismantle welfare state, offload responsibility to communities and non-governmental organizations ie charities, churches, families.
The term changed from neo-conservative to neo-liberal 15 yrs ago. - 12Liberal IdeologyEndorse free enterprise but with some government intervention
pragmatism (Liberals only support larger government if they have some reason to believe that it will lead to material improvement in people's lives. Conservatives also want material improvement in people's lives, of course, but proving that their policies can produce such an outcome is a luxury, not a necessity.
Liberty and freedom
Individualism
Inequality is inevitable (but we do need some limited assistance)
Humanism
Reluctant collectivists - 13CollectivismA political theory associated with communism/socialism. The idea that people should prioritize the good of society over the welfare of the individual.
- 14IndividualismAmerica's individualist culture influences the ability to view others' perspectives. Americans are particularly challenged in their ability to understand someone else's pov because they are part of a culture that encourages individualism.
- 15LiberalismClassical liberalism - an absence of gov't interference
Adam Smith's invisible hand of the market as a method of distributing goods and services.
Reform Liberalism - supports gov't intervention to correct market inadequacies and ensure equal opportunity
Linked to Institutional/Keynesian View - 16Neo-LiberalismIncreased reliance on the free market over gov't programs/regulations; reduced gov't expenditures
LInked to Residual/Monetarist view (Principle of Less Eligibility) (from the UK - conditions in the workhouses has to be worse than conditions available outside so that there was a deterrence to claiming poor relief.)
"An approach to economics and public policy that strengthens the power of private businesses and competitive markets in society and focuses state activity on areas of policy that reinforce the private market, including the generation of higher profits for private corporations."
Free trade
Privatization
Minimal gov't intervention in business
Reduced expenditure on social services
Programmatic retrenchment
Systemic retrenchment - 17Monetarism(Milton Friedman)
Interest rates are adjusted to control inflation and low interest rates coupled with low inflation are assumed to be all that is needed to entice the private sector to invest new money in the economy (trickle down effects) - 18KeynesianismJohn Maynard Keyes (Great Depression 30s)
More activist role by gov't
stimulate the economy through gov't spending
Reform Liberalism
Institutionalism - 19Marxismaka revolutionary socialism
Structural inequalities
dominant/ruling class control capital
subordinate/working class exploited for their labor in generating profits
Believe in a strong central state role to provide public ownership and provision of social welfare - 20Social Democratic Ideology (New Democratic)Middle ground between liberalism and full socialism
Democratic process and public social welfare
Social equality
Social justice
Economic freedom
Fellowship and cooperation
Government intervention - stable economy and employment
Common good
Markets regulated - mixed economy of private and public companies
Universal social programs, full employment and citizenship - 21Residual Approach to social welfareSocial welfare ought to include programs of last resort, on a temporary/limited basis.
Deserving poor
Absolute needs - 22Institutional Approach to Social WelfareSocial welfare is a normative response to meet human need, universal
Recognizes that gov't has a responsiblity to introduce social and economic policies that benefit all citizens
But - equality of opportunity not equality of outcome
Associated with reform liberals but also some NDP and "progressive" conservatives. - 23Structural Approach to Social WelfareSocial welfare itself is oppressive and conforms to oppressive capitalist conditions.
In this model the social welfare state promotes equality, redistribution based on need, full employment and equality of outcome. Social democracy's ideal vision of socialism. - 24TNCTransnational Corporations
- 25GlobalizationThe growing integration of international markets for goods, services and finance.
Economic globalization emphasized free trade and mobility of capital
Free trade agreements
International organizations - IMF, The World Bank
TNCs - 26SAPsStructural Adjustment Policies
International Monetary Fund (IMF), World World Trade Organization (WTO) Bank loans - debt recovery obligations that make countries eliminate trade restrictions, privatize resources, cut back social services, huge interest rates,
tax incentives for corporations to relocate
devalue national currency - 27Market Basket MeasureMarket Basket Measure is based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. It includes the costs of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, shelter and other expenses for a reference family of two adults aged 25-49 and two children (aged 9 and 13).
Proposed poverty measure based on the cost of consumption rather than income.
Canada's official poverty line. - 28MUD (discourse on poverty)Moral Underclass Discourse
Sees poverty as the responsibility of the individual - lack of motivation & moral fibre; gov't benefits must be unpleasant (Fraser Institute stance) - 29RED Poverty DiscourseRedistribution Discourse
Sees poverty as a result of social exclusion from socioeconomic resources, so increase benefits to reduce inequality. Failure of society to meet the needs of citizens. - 30SID DiscourseSocial Integrationist Discourse
In between MUD and RED. Integrate "non-working poor" into the labour market. Pays less attention to the need to enhance income support and more on workfare type policies. - 31Poverty leads to social exclusion 6 Dimensions of Social ExclusionEconomic: unemployment, underemployment
Social: family breakdown, homelessness, crime
Political: low rates of voting, community activity, social disturbance/disorder
Neighbourhood: environmental degradation, poor housing stock
Individual: poor health, educational underachievement
Spacial: concentration/marginalization of vulnerable groups. - 32Social costs of child poverty40 billion annually
- 33Civil SocietyA concept associated with community capacity building and the development of local democracy which includes the ability to hold others, including institutions, accountable for their actions and inactions.
- 34Asset MappingThe identification of strengths and resources for analyzing actions for policy and community change. Needs assessments+
- 35Constitution Act1867
Ceded responsibility for local affairs to the provinces - 363 Level of Gov'tExecutive Branch (PM and cabinet) -Implements the laws
Legislative Branch (Parliament - House of Commons and Senate (federal level) Legislative Assemblies (provincial) - makes the laws
Judiciary Branch - Federal Court of Canada, Tax Court of Canada, Supreme Court - interprets the laws meanings - 37Governor General Lieutenant Governor of OntarioJulie Payette
Elizabeth Dowdeswell - 38Canada's GovernmentFederal Parliamentary Democracy and a Constitutional Monarchy
- 39Higher rates of poverty for:Women
Persons of colour
Persons with disability (50% not in workforce)
Immigrants
Indigenous communities - 40AT- LICOsLow Income Cut-Offs
Measure of poverty rate in Canada; based on average household spending on necessities (plus 20%) and varies according to region and family size - 41AT-LIMBefore and After Tax Low Income Measure (a relative measure)
Measure of poverty used for international comparisons based on one-half of the median income of a country.
Canada has been using LIM for years and just switched to Market Basket - 42Sarlo Basic NeedsMeasures basic needs required for survival
(absolute measure) - 43Felt or Perceived NeedsWhat people think or feel they need. Defined on a personal, subjective level. (But not all ppl who need the services use them)
- 44Expressed NeedsFelt needs that are communicated with others. Waitlists or service referrals.
- 45Normative NeedsDetermined by a benchmark or standard, individual does not decide. Can measure needs through accepted standards. Ie LICO
- 46Comparative or Relative Needie unemployment between provinces
- 47Income Security Programs Selectiveonly certain populations, lots of eligibility criteria
*Ontario Disability Support Program - ODSP -Social Assistance
*Ontario Works - OW -Social Assistance
* CPP (over 65, Social Insurance)
*Old Age Security -OAS- started out as universal demogrant but after the clawbacks in 1989 became selective
*GIS - social assistance - 48UniversalMost people benefit from it
*Healthcare
*old Child Health Benefit ($100 a month to everyone) - 49Social AssistanceODSP, OW, GIS
- 50Theories of Public Policy (How public policies are established)*Marxism - proletariat/bourgeoisie - inequality of classes - bias of state in favor of dominant class - false consciousness - (a structuralist theory) - outcome of public policy largely determined by structure of politics, bureaucracy and society
but policy changes cannot be fully explained by class conflict
*Pluralism - interest groups influence the outcomes of gov't decisions
*Public Choice Theory - the political, bureaucratic, interest group, media game - not always b/c sometimes it's altruism
*Institutionalism - public policy outcomes are determined by structural arrangement of state itself - 51Rational Model of Policy Makinganalyst as expert
lacks attention to values
the medical model is based on the rational model - 52Incrementalismstatus quo
"the science of muddling through"
marginal benefits
recognizes political realities - 53Mixed Scanningcombines features of rational and incremental
begins with comprehensive scan of existing problem then uses incremental approach to solutions
not enough service user input
strategic planning at org level - 54Policy Making Models*Rational
*Incrementalism
*Mixed Scanning
*Value-Criteria
*Garbage Can Model (convergence of problems, politics and solutions create policy window) - 55Integrated Model of Policy Analysis*problem analysis
*identification of value criteria
*assessment of alternatives
*feasibility assessment
*recommendations - 56General Models of Policy Analysis*Evidence based model - positivist approach - analyst as experte
*Values-based model - analyst as advocate
*participatory model - analyst as facilitator
strengths-based, integrated model - 57Content approach to policy analysis - policy expert as armchair critic Process approach - who influences, how action is generated, who makes decisionsIntegrated model considers both content and process
Policy analysis, like policy-making, is not a linear process - 58Positive Theories - objective and fact based, explain politics as it isNormative Theories - have value preferences, subjective and value based