Flashcards
Inflammation and healing
Cards in this deck (24)
- 1List 1st line of defence non-specific responses• epidermis
• mucous membranes
• hairs
• Cilia
• Lacrimal apparatus
• Saliva
• Urine,defacation,vomiting
• Acid pH of stomach
• Sebum
• Lysozyme
• Gastric juice
• Vaginal secretions - 2List 1st line of defence non-specific responses• Antimicrobial Proteins
- Interferons
-Complement System
• Natural killer cells
• Phagocytes
• Inflammation
• Fever - 3List the 2 defence system specific responses• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes - 4Describe B lymphocytesAntibody production
Immunoglobulins
Amplifies non-specific response
-Complement system
-Phagocytosis
-Killer cells
Memory Cells - 5Describe T lymphocytesCytotoxic T cells
(killer T or CD8 cells)
Helper T cells
(CD4 cells)
Suppressor T cells - 64 phases of tissue repair in chronological order• Bleeding
• Inflammation
• Proliferation
• Remodelling - 7Brief description of inflammation• Defence via resident macrophages
• Localised vasoconstriction
• Localised vasodilation
• Increased capillary permeability
• Localised oedema
• Walling off of inflamed area
• Emigration of leukocytes
• Proliferation of leukocytes
• Leukocytic destruction/phagocytosis - 8Cells involved in inflammation• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes
• Platelets
• Mast cells - 9Cell derived chemical mediators• Prostaglandins
• Lymphokines
• Platelet activating factor
• Histamine
• Serotonin - 10Plasma derived chemical mediators• Kinin System
• Clotting System
• Complement System - 11Describe the kinin system
- 12Describe the kinin systemNeutrophils attracted to area of damage by CHEMOTAXINS (chemicals which are released by damaged tissue & which attract certain cells to the area of damage)
Neutrophils:-
• remove bacteria & debris
• release KALLIKREIN, which splits kininogens into active kinins – these then augment various inflammatory actions (reinforce vascular changes, activate pain receptors, act as powerful chemotaxins and stimulate several stages of the complement system) - 13Describe the clotting system
- 14Describe the clotting systemClotting – the transformation of blood from a liquid into a solid gel via a cascade of events.
Clot forms on top of a platelet plug thereby strengthening & supporting the plug, reinforcing the seal over a break in a vessel
Platelets play an important role in this process
They are involved with the initiation of the process as they aggregate in response to the exposure of collagen from the damaged vessel, this activates further stages of the clotting process
When no longer required, the clot is dissolved by activated plasmin which has been trapped in the clot. Debris is then cleared away by phagocytes
• In health, Plasmin in blood prevents unwanted clots from forming - 15Describe the complement system
- 16Describe the complement systemComplement System can be called in to play by the presence of any foreign invader – so it non-specific
Can also be activated by antibodies produced as part of a specific immune response
Derives its name from the fact that it ‘complements’ the actions of antibodies. Antibodies activate the system to kill foreign cells
As with the other systems, complement consists of plasma proteins which circulate in the blood in inactive form. When 1st component is activated (C1) a sequential cascade of activation follows, finally MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX is assembled = doughnut-shaped protein complex which embeds itself in surface membrane of invader, creating a channel.
This hole-punching has the effect of making the membrane very leaky, resulting in victim cell swelling & bursting
This demonstrates the how the body’s defence systems are highly interactive, & interdependent - 17Describe how phagocyte-secreted chemicals mediate the inflammatory process• Secretion of lactoferrin
• Stimulation of release of histamine
• Trigger clotting and anticlotting agents
• Splitting of kininogens into kinins
• Secretion of endogenous pyrogen
• Stimulation of granulopoiesis
• Secretion of interleukin 1-immune response - 18Describe and explain cytolysis
- 19List the signs of inflammation and its corresponding chemical mediator(s)
- 20Beneficial effects of inflammation• Dilution of toxins
• Entry of antibodies
• Drug transport
• Fibrin formation
• Delivery of nutrients and oxygen
• Stimulation of immune response - 21Harmful effects of inflammation• Digestion of normal tissue
• Swelling
• Inappropriate inflammatory response - 22Describe chronic inflammationChronic inflammation occurs when the
resolution phase of acute inflammation is
prevented or becomes disordered. There is
a prolongation of the inflammatory response
which leads to loss of normal tissue and
thus organ dysfunction. - 23List 3 cells and their capacity for regeneration• Labile cells
found in tissues in which more than 1.5% of the cells are in mitosis at any one time, i.e., tissues are in a constant state of renewal
Labile cells regenerate after injury, provided enough stem cells remain
• Stable cells
found in tissues in which less than 1.5% of cells are in mitosis, cells often require a stimulus to divide
It is the potential for mitosis that determines the ability of an
organ to regenerate
• Permanent cells
These are terminally differentiated & have lost all capacity for regeneration
If lost, these cells cannot be replaced by the same type of cells - 24—
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- physiology Flashcards on Inflammation and healing, created by Lois Dolan on 24/05/2019.
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- Lois Dolan
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- Created by Lois Dolan · May 24, 2019
- Copied by Lois Dolan · May 24, 2019
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