Flashcards
AP Euro Chap 2
Cards in this deck (48)
- 1Anti-clericalismA measure of disrespect toward the clergy
- 2IndulgencesTickets bought to release the buyer from penance and even purgatory
- 3PietismThe idea of a direct relationship between the individual and God, reducing the importance of the Church
- 4PenancePunishment for sin
- 5Western SchismWhen there were 2, later 3, rival popes were fighting for power, they all excommunicated eachother
- 6PurgatoryA form of temporary hell
- 7Simonythe buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.
- 8PredestinationThat god has predetermined everyone’s fate
- 9Heresybelief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.
- 10HuguenotsFrench Calvinists
- 11Pope Clement VMoved the seat of power from Rome to Avignon in France (6 more popes kept it there)
- 12John WycliffeQuestioned
The worldly wealth of the Church
The Miracle of transubstantiation
The teachings of penance
The sale of indulgences
Had a group of followers called the Lollards to read the bible and interpret it - 13Jan HussLed a religious revolt against the church
As a university leader, he openly questioned the infallibility of the Church and the immorality of the clergy
Was found guilty of heresy (beliefs contrary to religious doctrine) and burned at the stake. - 14Martin LutherA Catholic monk who was troubled by the sale of indulgences
- 15Emperor Charles VStruggled with the French King Francis I for the throne
Was able to convince the rulers of the electoral states to select him but he struggled with ruling a vast, multinational empire, extended wars with France and the powerful Ottoman Empire
Was unable to contain the religious revolt happening in his territory
In the 1540s, the Schmalkaldic War between Charles and some of the Protestant princes went poorly for him - 16Ulrich ZwingliTeachings impacted the Swiss city of Zurich
He accused monks of immorality
He rejected the veneration of saints
He announced that unbaptized children were not damned to hell
He questioned the power of excommunication
He claimed that tithing was not a divine institution
He died in battle leading the soldiers of Zurich against a Swiss Catholic Army - 17John CalvinSettled in Geneva, Switzerland and developed his own faith
His main ideas are found in his “Institutes of the Christian Religion” and he turned Geneva into a new Jerusalem
The cornerstone of his faith was the concept of predestination
He believed few would go to heaven, most were destined for hell
Calvin preferred his followers to focus on correctly living in earthly matters - 18Ways Europe was changing in the 16th centuryThe reformation started.
Renaissance humanism, especially in the north, led people to question religious practices, such as the power of relics or the value of living life as a monk/nun.
The printing press made more bibles and the Church couldn’t control them anymore.
Powerful monarchies questioned if they should listen to the Church. - 19Church issues before the Reformationower priests were poorly educated
The peasant priests knew little Latin and were unable to offer a response to serious questions about the Church
Practiced simony (Selling church positions to highest bidder)
Some clergy held multiple positions, making it hard to minister to the people - 20The 95 Thesesa list of 95 reasons why he hated the Church
Mostly attacks on the sale of indulgences
The list was printed spread all over Germany
Ignored by Pope Leo X
1517 was the beginning of the reformation - 21The Diet of WormsA meeting of the German nobility
The Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, asked him to recant, he refused
He was banned in the Empire but was safely hidden it Wartburg Castle by the Elector of Saxony, while at the castle he translated the bible into German - 22Luthers revolutionary ideasReduced the 7 sacraments to 2 (communion and baptism)
He rejected transubstantiation
He ended monasticism and did away with the idea of celibacy of clergy
If you had a bible you could be an equal christian - 23Areas Protestantism spread toNorthern Germany, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, The Netherlands, France, and Switzerland
- 24German Peasants Revolt of 1525Peasants revolted because of worsening economic conditions and because they believed Luther had called for social equality
Luther was horrified and wrote “Against the robbing a murderous hordes of peasants” and said for them to be shown no mercy. - 25Schmalkadic Warbetween Charles and some of the Protestant princes went poorly for him
- 26Peace of Augsburg1555
Granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran prince
Catholic princes were ensured their territory could remain Catholic - 27The AnabaptistsDenies the idea of infant baptism
They believed that baptism only works for adults who are aware of the decision they are making
Their practice of rebaptism was declared a capital offense in the Holy Roman Empire
The pope and Luther agreed on this
Took over the city of Munster in 1534 and created an Old Testament theocracy
They were scattered when a combined Catholic and Protestant army conquered the city - 28AntitrinitariansDenied the scriptural validity of the Trinity
They were hunted down by both Catholics and Lutherans - 29John Calvin1509-1564
Settled in Geneva, Switzerland and developed his own faith
His main ideas are found in his “Institutes of the Christian Religion” and he turned Geneva into a new Jerusalem
The cornerstone of his faith was the concept of predestination - 30King Henry VIIISupportive of the Catholic Church, criticized Martin Luther in a pamphlet, The Defense of the Seven Sacraments
He wanted to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon
He wanted a male heir and viewed his wifes failure to produce sons as a sign of Gods displeasure with his marriage
Divorce was illegal in the Church so he sought an annulment to declare the marriage invalid
The pope refusedto grant an annulment, Catherine was the aunt of the powerful Charles V, and important Catholic ally
He fell in love with a woman at court, Anne Boleyn, she became pregnant and he secretly married her while still married to Catherine
He married 6 times, his 3rd wide, Jane Seymour, gave birth to a son, Edward VI - 31Edward VIHenrys son
Tried to institute genuine Protestant theology in the church Henry created
He ruled for 6 years before dying at the age of 15 - 32MaryShe married Philip II of Spain, a Catholic, and attempted to bring England back to the Catholic Church
Many in England refused to return to Catholicism: she burned several hundred as heretics
Earned her the nickname Bloody Mary - 33ElizabethHer reign was long and successful, including a religious settlement leaving the Church of England to follow a protestant course
- 34Anne BoleynPart of Catherines court, got pregnant by Henry and secretly married him
- 35Catherine of AragonHenrys first wife that didn't produce a son
- 36Ignatius of LoyolaCreated the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
- 37Frederick the ElectorHid Luther in his castle
- 38Albert of Hohenzollernwas offered
the position as Archbishop of Mainz, at the
price of 10,000 ducats, which he borrowed
from a bank.
To pay off the debt, the papacy allowed him to sell
indulgences: ½ the money would pay his debt, ½
went directly to Rome. - 39Johann Tetzela Dominican friar, was set to
preach the indulgence across Germany.
His famous phrase: “As soon as the gold in the
basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs.” - 40Pope Leo Xhe issued a papal
bull (an official decree) demanding Luther to
recant or be burned as a heretic.
Luther publicly burned the bull.
The pope excommunicated Luther. - 41Henry VIIIs problemHe wanted a divorce but the pope said no
- 42Act in Restraint of AppealsIt declared that all spiritual cases in England were within the Kings jurisdiction, not the popes
a month later, an English church tribunal declared his marriage to Catherine void and declared Anne Boleyn his lawful wife, she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth - 43Act of SupremacyDeclared the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England
- 44The Index of Prohibited BooksThey banned many heretical work, including texts from authors such as Erasmus and Galileo
- 45The Inquisitionwas a tribunal that fought heresy in Catholic lands, using torture to force confessions out of individuals, heretics were often executed
- 46The Council of TrentThe council took steps to address issues that had sparked the Reformation, they placed limits on simony
They recognized that poorly educated priests were a serious problem, and mandated a seminary to be created in every diocese(region) to educate the clergy - 47Baroque Style of ArtA religious style of art and music meant to impress you
- 48The Society of JesusCompletely loyal to the pope
Distinguished themselves as a teaching order
Worked as catholic missionaries in places where Lutheranism had spread
Successful in reconverting large portions of Poland to the Catholic faith
Information
- Description
- 10th grade European History Flashcards on AP Euro Chap 2, created by Madison Lowe on 25/09/2019.
- Created by
- Madison Lowe
- Views
- 1
- Rating