20660184
Description
Flashcards by Sophie Mossman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sophie Mossman
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| caregiver-infant interactions | AO1: reciprocity - coordinated actions brazelton (1979) international synchrony- meltzoff and Kieth infants imitated facial expressions real/pseudo? - m+k=intentional but jean piaget= repeats rewarded behaviours. AO3: individual differences- Isabelle ET AL stronger attachment= ^interaction synchrony problems testing- m+k expressions constantly changing so cannot distinguish is it intentional- abravenal+deyong= objects making expressions resulted in no change. |
| the development of attachment | AO1: 1- indiscriminate attachment birth-2m IS+reciprocity= relationship 2- beginning attachment 4m= more social to humans but encounter stranger anxiety 3- discriminate attraction 7m primary attachment-responds sensitively to their signals 4- multiple attachments these are further relationships with father, siblings or family Shaffer +Emerson 29%-78% MA AO3: unreliable data- S+E self report mothers less sensitive so causes social desirability biased sample- working class, 1960's more stay at home fathers in the future stage theories- developments inflexible some cultures have MA first |
| animal studies of attachment | AO1: lorenz- gosling eggs 1g=mother +followed mother 2g=incubator+followed lorenz effect of imprinting long-lasting effects- irreversible and effects later mate preference Harlow- wire mother+soft cloth. 1g= C+food 2g= W+food, fright spent time with C rather than W AO3: confounding variable- harlows monkeys had 2 heads-attractiveness lack internalV research support- guiton leghorn chicks imprinted on gloves ethics of harlow- lasting emotional harm but benefits outweigh costs |
| explanations of attachment: learning theory | AO1: classical- Pavlov Unconditioned S+Neutral S leads to NS=Conditioned S leading to Conditioned R operant- B.F skinner drive decreases uncomfort = + feeling, + - reinforcement SLT- bandura modelling of parents behaviour thats rewarded with 'love' AO3: based on animals- not as simplistic mental aspects as animals 'free will' oversimple contact ^ than food- food=attachment however contrasts with Harlow learning theory has explanatory power- do learn by reinforcement but it may not be due to food |
| Explanations of attachment: Bowlbys theory | AO1: why- survival aspects + protection and forms both ways to care how- critical period innate attachment at 6m, due to food, social releasers (smile) forms mono-tropic relationship consequence- internal working model helps with behaviours of caregiver and basis of furture elationships AO3: sensitive rather critical- rutter et al can form attachments after this period, development window MA vs Monotropy- SA just as important for social development (father) continuity hypothesis- parent-child study attachment affected later social behaviour secure=high social competence |
| types of attachment: ainsworths strange situation | AO1: 1. separation from caregiver (separation anxiety) 2. reunion CG (reunion behaviour) 3. response to stranger (StrangerA) records behaviours of the child proximity,contact,avoiding and maintaining secure- no SepA and seek close contact CG easily soothed,explore independently insecure-avoidant- avoid social interaction no SepA or RB and explore free insecure resistant- resist intimacy+social have sepA strA and have contrasting RB AO3: real-world- circle of security respond sensitively 32%^40% secure ^reliability- inter-observer reliability rated judges w. perfect agreement in rates of this study thus reliable maternal sensitivity- ains believed studies=no relationship w. strength attachment slade= reflective functioning(understand thoughts) |
| cultural variations in attachment | AO1: Van IJzendoorn and kroonenberg- meta-analysis 32 studies 2000 strange situations 8 countries found:^ AO3: The study was not globally representative -V+K data from less Western-oriented cultures were required to establish a more global attachment classifications Comparison is aided by the standardised methodology-. strange situation means that a comparison can be made across cultures, and the reliability high Applying Strange Situation procedures and behavioural categories is ethnocentric – |
| Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation | AO1: infants need warm intimate continuous relationship ensure normal mental health critical period- denied emotionally disturbed 44 juvenile thieves 44 thieves+affectionless 86% experiences seperation AO3: Retrospective recall might be inaccurate Investigator effects Practical applications- child care practice |
| effects of institutionalisation: Romanian orphan studies | AO1: Rutter et al- 111 Romanian orphans Institutionally deprived adoptees compared 11 years w children had not experienced institutional deprivation to which lagged behind le mare+audet- 36 romanian orphans in canada adopted=smaller but not lasted zeanah= attach issues effects- underdevelopment,underfunctioning,poor attachment+patenting AO3: ind diff- |
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