Flashcards
GCSE AQA Physics - Unit 1
Cards in this deck (64)
- 1What does infrared radiation involve?The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation.
- 2What does Kinetic Theory explain?The different states and properties of matter in terms of the movement of the millions and millions of particles.
- 3What is conduction?The transfer of energy by heating without the substance itself moving. For example, metals are good conductors of energy.
Insulators are materials that have few or no free electrons, so they can't readily transfer their energy by heating. - 4What is convection?The transfer of energy by heating though the movement of particles. Convection occurs in liquids and gases, creating convection currents.
- 5What is evaporation?The transfer of energy at the surface of a liquid.
The opposite effect, where the gas or vapour returns to a liquid state at the surface, is called condensation. - 6What factors affect the rate at which a material transfers energy?- Its surface area and volume
- The type of material
- The nature of the surface
- Its temperature - 7What do U-values measure? What does a lower U-value mean?How effective a particular material is as an insulator.
The better the material is as an insulator. - 8What is the Specific heat Capacity?The amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1°C.
- 9What is a Sankey Diagram?A diagram that shows the relative proportions of energy transfers using arrow.
The width of arrows are proportional to the amount of energy they represent. - 10What does the efficiency of a device refer to?The proportion of energy (or power) that is usefully transferred.
- 11Give two examples of fossil fuelsCoal
Oil
Gas - 12What is a biofuel?Solid, liquid or gas obtained from lifeless or living biological material.
- 13A rapidly evolving technology involves carbon capture. Why is this important? Where will it be stored?Prevents carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere.
Stored in old oil fields or gas fields. - 14What are transformers used for?To change the potential difference (voltage) of the alternating current (a.c.) before and after it is transmitted through the National Grid.
- 15Fill in the missing gaps: Power Station --> Step-____ Transformer --> Power Lines --> Step-____ Transformer --> Houses, shops, etc...Up
Down - 16What is a Transverse Wave?A wave where the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
- 17What is a Longitudinal Wave?A wave where the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
- 18What is the amplitude of a wave?The distance from the rest position to the crest position which is half the vertical distance from a trough to a crest.
- 19What is the frequency of a wave?The number of waves passing a fixed point each second.
- 20What 7 things does the Electromagnetic Spectrum consist of?Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared Radiation
Visible Light
Ultraviolet rays
X-Rays
Gamma Rays - 21A Radio Wave has a ____ Frequency and a _____ Wavelength.Low
Long - 22A Gamma Ray has a ____ frequency and a _____ wavelength.High
Short - 23What are Radio Waves used for?Television and radio signals
- 24What are Microwaves used for?Mobile phone networks and satellite communication
Cooking - water molecules absorb microwaves and heat up - 25What is Infrared Radiation used for?Remote controls for televisions
Grills, toasters and radiant heaters
Optical Fibre communication - 26What is reflection?When a wave strikes a surface and it changes direction.
- 27What is the normal line?A construction line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
- 28When an object is viewed in a plane mirror the image formed is...Virtual (i.e. on the opposite side of the mirror)
Upright (i.e. in the same orientation)
The same size (as the object)
Laterally inverted (i.e. left becomes right) - 29What type of wave is a sound wave?A longitudinal wave.
- 30Between what two frequencies can humans hear sound?20Hz and 20,000Hz
- 31What is the Doppler effect?It’s the apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer.
- 32What is red-shift?When a light source moves away from you, the observed wavelength increases and the frequency decreases.
(The opposite applies for blue shift) - 33The light observed from distant galaxies in the universe is ____-shifted.red
- 34Give two pieces of evidence that the red-shift of light provides in terms of our universe.The whole universe is expanding
The expansion began from a very small initial point in a huge explosion known as the Big bang. - 35What does CMBR stand for, and what is it?Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
A form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the entire Universe. It comes from radiation that was around shortly after the beginning of the universe, but which has now been stretched. - 36What is the unit for specific heat capacity?J/kg°C
- 37What are the advantages of a Nuclear power source?- Cost of fuel is low.
- Rate of fuel use is low.
- Doesn't produce CO2 and SO2 emissions into the atmosphere. - 38What are the disadvantages of a Nuclear power source?- Radioactive waste produced.
- Difficulty of storing radioactive material for thousands of years.
- Building new power stations is very costly.
- Decommissioning is very costly.
- Accident and radioactive contamination risks are high. - 39What is the advantage of a Coal power source?- Relatively easy and cheap to extract.
- 40What are the disadvantages of a Coal power source?- Burning produces CO2 and SO2.
- Only a few hundreds years left. - 41What are the advantages of an Oil power source?- Has been easy to find.
- Perhaps large amounts left. - 42What are the disadvantages of an Oil power source?- Burning produces CO2 and SO2.
- Significant risk of spillage and pollution.
- Destruction of wildlife habitats. - 43What are the advantages of a Gas power source?- Has been easy to find.
- Perhaps large stocks left.
- No SO2 emissions. - 44What are the disadvantages of a Gas power source?- Burning produces CO2 emissions.
- Expensive pipelines and networks are required.
- Visual pollution of landscape.
- Destruction of wildlife habitats. - 45What are the advantages of Wind Turbines?- No fuel or little maintenance.
- No polluting gases.
- Can be built offshore. - 46What are the disadvantages of Wind Turbines?- Land based ones are visually polluting.
- High initial costs.
- Not flexible in meeting demands.
- Variation in wind affects output. - 47What are the advantages of Tidal and Waves as an energy source?- No fuel required.
- No polluting gases produced.
- Barrage water can be released when demand is high. - 48What are the disadvantages of Tidal and Waves as an energy source?- Visual pollution + hazard to shipping.
- Can destroy wildlife habitats.
- Variations in tides.
- High capital costs to build them. - 49What are the advantages of Hydroelectricity as an energy source?Fast start-up time.
- No polluting gases produced.
- Water can be pumped back to the reservoir when demand is low. - 50What are the disadvantages of Hydroelectricity as an energy source?- Involves damaging upland valleys.
- Destruction of wildlife habitats.
- Need an adequate rainfall.
- Very high initial costs. - 51What are the advantages of Solar Cells as an energy source?- Uses light from the Sun.
- Useful in remote locations.
- No polluting gases produced.
- Small-scale production possible. - 52What are the disadvantages of Solar Cells as an energy source?- Depends on light intensity.
- Use of high cost semiconductor materials.
- Efficiency is poor.
- Visual pollution of large areas of solar panels. - 53What are the advantages of Biofuels as an energy source?- Flexible product.
- Cost effective.
- Little impact on the environment. - 54What are the disadvantages of Biofuels as an energy source?- Some pre-processing of the material is required.
- Limited resources due to land area requirements. - 55What are the advantages of Geothermal energy sources?- No pollutants produced.
- Uses naturally occurring hot water and steam.
- Low start-up costs. - 56What are the disadvantages of Geothermal energy sources?- Restricted to only certain volcanic areas.
- Subsidence risk. - 57From fastest to slowest, which of these has the fastest start-up times? - Coal - Gas - Nuclear - OilFASTEST
Gas
Oil
Coal
Nuclear
SLOWEST - 58What is the voltage of electricity in power stations?25 000V
- 59What is the voltage of electricity in power lines?400 000V
- 60What is the voltage of electricity in houses?230V
- 61What are the range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum?SHORT 10 to the power of -15
to
LONG 10 to the power of 4 - 62What is the pitch of a sound determined by?Its frequency
- 63What are echoes examples of?Sound being reflected at a surface.
- 64Do radio waves and gamma rays travel at the same speed through a vacuum (space)?Yes
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- It all begins in GCSE AQA Physics - Unit 1, the first in a trilogy of epic units. The journey starts in the land of infrared radiation, where Dr.Physics and his band of Physicists must face the horses of conduction, convection, condensation and evaporation, but will they survive long enough to stop the might of the great Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation...
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- James Jolliffe
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