2285089
Description
Flashcards by Miss K Hammond, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Miss K Hammond
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are hydrocarbons? | Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. |
| Explain what is meant by the term, 'unsaturated hydrocarbon'. | A hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds. |
| What is a functional group? | The part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions. |
| Define the term 'homologous series'. | A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 |
| What is the general formula for: (i) alkanes (ii) alkenes | (i) CnH2n+2 (ii) CnH2n |
| Name this organic molecule. | 2-methyl-propan-2-ol |
| Give the displayed formula for butanoic acid. | |
| Define: (i) structural isomer (ii) stereoisomer | (i) Same molecular formula, different structural formula. (ii) Same structural formula, different spatial arrangement of atoms. |
| Draw and label the E/Z isomers of 1,2-dichloropropene. | |
| Define: (i) homolytic fission (ii) heterolytic fission | (i) The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming 2 radicals. (ii) The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one atom, forming a cation and an anion. |
| What is an electrophile? | An atom/group of atoms that is attracted to an electron-rich centre/atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
| What is a nucleophile? | An atom/group of atoms that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre/atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. |
| What is fractional distillation? | The separation of components in a mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation. |
| Why do branched alkanes have lower boiling points than straight chain alkanes? | There are fewer points of contact between branched molecules, leading to fewer Van der Waals' forces. Therefore, less energy is required to separate the molecules. |
| Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of octane. | 2C8H18(l) + 16O2(g) --> 16CO(g) + 18H2O(l) |
| What is the name of this process? | Isomerisation (of pentane) |
| Show how pentane can be reformed. | |
| Why are branched and cyclic alkanes used as petrol additives? | They promote more efficient combustion than straight-chain alkanes. |
| Show the (mechanism) propagation equations for the reaction of methane with chlorine. | |
| Represent the pi bond in alkenes in a labeled diagram. | A pi bond is the sideways overlap of p-orbitals above and below the plane |
| What type of reactions do alkenes always undergo? | Addition reactions |
| What reagent and conditions are required for the formation of ethane from ethene? | H2 (g), heated Ni catalyst |
| Show the electrophilic addition mechanism for the bromination of ethene. | |
| What reagent and conditions are required for the formation of ethanol from ethene? | H2O(g) steam, high temperatures and pressure, acid catalyst. |
| Draw the two products formed in the hydration of but-1-ene and explain why there are two products. | But-1-ene is an asymmetrical alkene and therefore, produces 2 structural isomers - butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol. |
| Give an equation for the polymerization of propene. | |
| Draw the monomer that was used to make the polymer above. | |
| How can polymer waste be minimized? | Sorting and recycling; using them as a fuel source; breaking them down into feedstock (feedstock recycling); using biodegradable or photodegradable polymers |
| Write an equation showing the formation of ethanol via fermentation. Give the reagents and conditions required. | Yeast (zymase enzyme); 37 degrees Celcius; aqueous glucose |
| Draw the hydrogen bonding between 2 ethanol molecules and use it to explain why alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar mass. | Hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of intermolecular forces. The presence of hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules means more energy is required to separate them. |
| Classify the above alcohols as primary, secondary and/or tertiary. | From left to right: 1. tertiary 2. primary 3. secondary |
| Give equations for the 2 step reaction of ethanol with acidified potassium dichromate. | |
| What is this reaction showing? What would you observe? | The oxidation of a secondary alcohol (propan-2-ol). Using acidified potassium dichromate as the oxidizing agent, you would observe a colour change from orange to green. |
| Define the term 'reflux'. | The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without losing volatile reagents or products. |
| Show the esterification reaction that would form ethyl propanoate. | |
| What conditions are required for esterification? | concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst; heat by reflux |
| What are esters used for? | Perfumes, flavourings, adhesives, solvents |
| Show the mechanism for the nucleophilic substitution of 1-iodopropane by hydroxide ions. | |
| Why does the hydrolysis of 1-iodobutane occur faster than for 1-chlorobutane? | The carbon-iodine bond is weaker than the carbon-chlorine bond, so it will be broken most easily, and therefore react the fastest. |
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