Chemistry Unit 5 Flashcards: Organic Synthesis

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A2 level Chemistry (Unit 5) Flashcards on Chemistry Unit 5 Flashcards: Organic Synthesis, created by J000D97 on 05/04/2015.
J000D97
Flashcards by J000D97, updated more than 1 year ago
J000D97
Created by J000D97 almost 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
List 3 artificial sweeteners Saccharin Cyclamate Aspartame
Burns with a smoky yellow flame Benzene
Decolourises bromine water Alkene
Produces carbon dioxide when reacted with a metal carbonate Carb A
White fumes when reacted with \(PCl_5\) OH group
Yellow-orange ppt when reacted w/ 2,4-DNPH Carbonyl group (not a Carb A)
Red-brown ppt with Fehling's or Benedicts Aldehyde
Silver mirror w/ \(AgNO_3\) + \(NH_{3(aq)}\) Aldehyde
Antiseptic pale yellow crystals w/ \(I_2\) /NaOH \(CH_3\)-C=O Or something which oxidises to it
Is phenol solution neutral, alkaline or acidic? Why? Acidic b/c O's LP is pushed into benzene's delocalised ring structure making the OH bond more polar so it loses \(H^+\)
Can phenol be oxidised? No, it is not readily oxidised
2 reactions which increase chain length Reflux w/ HCN/KCN Friedel-Craft's alkylation
Names of the 2 reactions which decrease chain length Hofmann's degradation Hunsdiecker reaction
Define: hazard Potential to do harm
Define: risk Likelihood of harm
List 4 precautionary measures that can be taken to reduce risk Use a fume cupboard Reduce scale Look for an alternative safer route Replace a reactant w/ a less toxic alternative
2 ways of separating isomers Thin-layer chromatography Electrophoresis
2 ways to make single isomers Asymmetric synthesis Use of chiral auxiliaries
Describe combinational chemistry AN automated process by which many compounds all similar to a 'lead' compound are produced very quickly to see if they have lower side effects or more medical benefits as drugs than current treatments. They are all tested and then possibles kept in a large digital library.
What is a solid phase reaction? Compounds are bonded to polystyrene-based polymer beads and the reaction takes place on them. The product remains bonded to the beads and excess reactants can be washed away.
Why are sold phase reactions using polymer beads useful? Because 1 end of the reactant mol is fixed so all reactions have to happen at one end.
What do you heat with during reflux? An electric heater
What can be added to remove acid? \(NaHCO_3\)
What is solvent extraction? When you add a solvent to a product in another solvent and the product is more soluble in the new solvent. When shaken it dissolves in the added solvent leaving impurities in the original layer, and a separating funnel can be used to tap off the lower layer, separating the product from another impurity or unwanted product which is more soluble in the other solvent.
Describe re-crystalisation Add hot solvent till solid just dissolves Let solution cool slowly Crystals will form but impurities won't fall out of solution because they aren't near saturation. Remove the crystals by filtration and wash them with minimal ice cold solvent Leave to dry.
What can you add to remove water from a mixture? \(CaCl_2\) granules
What are inside fractional distillation columns? Glass beads
How do you determine melting point? Put solid in capillary tube Place in oil w/ thermometer Slowly heat and stir Read the temperature when the solid just melts.
How do you make cholesteryl benzoate Dissolve cholesterol in pyridine Add benzoyl chloride Heat in a steam bath for 10 mins Cool and add methanol Filter off crystals of ester and wash with methanol Recrystallise using ethyl ethanoate as a solvent.
How do you make methyl-3-nitrobenzoate? Dissolve methyl benzoate in cold conc sulphuric Add 50/50 mix of conc nitric and sulphuric dropwise constantly stirring. Stir for 15 mins Pour over crushed ice When melted filter off crystals wash with water re-crystallise w/ ethanol
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