Flashcards
Geography
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1birth ratebirths per 1000 = births per year / total population x 1000
- 2death ratedeaths per 1000 = deaths per year / total population x 1000
- 3fertility ratethe average number of children per woman of child-bearing age (15-49yrs) during her lifetime
- 4life expectancythe average number of years a new born infant is expected to live, given the mortality rates at their time of birth
- 5age-sex structurethe composition of a population by age and sex
- 6rate of natural increasecrude birth rate - crude death rate x 100/1000
- 7migration ratenet migration = immigration (incoming) - emigration (departing)
- 8total population growthtotal pop growth = pop + (births - deaths) + (immigration - emigration)
- 9percentage urban% of pop living in urban (towns and cities) areas
- 10GNI per capitaGross National Income in purchasing power parity - a measure of a country's relative wealth in current international dollars. must be divided by the mid-year population
- 11implications of fast growthoverpopulation
greater demand for limited resources
higher demand+higher prices=less affordable
more people=more harm to environment
more congestion+traffic+air pollution - 12INTERstate and INTRAstate migrationINTERstate = one state to another
INTRAstate = movement within one state - 13if birth rates increase more than death rates for a lengthy period of time then the population will ____ ____grow rapidly
- 14if death rates exceed birth rates _____decline in population and fertility rates
- 15determinantsfertility rates
mortality rates
age/sex structure - 16if the birth/death rates are close, the population will ___change slowly
- 17replacement fertilitythe rate required for a population to replace itself from one generation to the next (2.1)
- 18current fertility rate2.5
if falls below 2.1 = contribute to more population decline - 19mortality ratedeath rates, infant mortality and life expectancy
declines due to improvements in health, especially decline in infectious disease e.g. HIV/AIDS and infant mortality - 20age/sex structuredefines relative number of young and old as well as balance of males and females = influence overall number of births and deaths
current ratio = 105 males : 100 females - 21population momentum growththe higher the % of young people (especially >15yrs) the more the population will continue to rise as this large segment of the population enters its reproductive years (15-49)
- 22MODERNISATION THEORYthe link between population growth and economic development
argued that low income countries needed to follow the same path to development as west i.e. adapt western cultural values and industrialise - 23ROSTOW'S 5 STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTHsuggested that after capital investment, countries would embark on an evolutionary process lasting about 60 years in which they would move up through 5 stages of development
increase in economic growth = level off of population growth - 241. traditional societylabour intensive agrarian economy and a relatively static population with limited technology
- 252. pre-conditions for takeoffwestern development aid and investment would assist improvements in agriculture and economic infrastructure e.g. roads and encourage overseas investment by foreign companies = demographic change (improvements in life expectancy and declining death rates)
- 263. takeoffa relatively short industrialisation period of rapid economic growth. new urbanised entrepreneurial and middle class of consumers emerge, generating more wealth becauseof cumulative causation. demographic growth is high and migration from rural areas to the new industrial cities picks up momentum
- 274. drive to maturity(long term) with increasing standards of living and a diversifying economy, about a slackening of population growth, a direct consequence of a declining birth rate
- 285. age of high mass consumptiona highly urbanised consumer economy. Rostow believed that western countries, most notably the US had reached this stage
- 29cumulative causationi.e. multiplier effect
an economic snowballing process by which investment in new industry - new employment opportunities - generates more consumers - higher demand for local goods/services
the local economy increase which increases migrant workers from elsewhere - 30Wallerstein's world systems theorythrough international trade (i.e. globalisation) a world economic system had developed with increasing economic and social inequalities i.e. social change is linked to economic activity
divided into 3 regions: core, semi-periphery, periphery - 31coredominant, higher skill, technologically advanced, capital-intensive production of goods/services exported to other two regions-high profit consumption goods e.g. US
- 32semi-periphery2nd tier industrialised, not as advanced as core countries e.g. Brazil
- 33peripherylow skill, labour intensive population and extraction of raw materials - export commodities to core and semi-periphery countries i.e. dependent on these e.g. many African countries
- 34the demographic transition model1. countries with high birth + death rates
2. countries with declining + lower death rates
3. countries with low birth and death rates - 35stages of demographic transition model
- 36demographic transition model graph
- 37what do the three theories tell us?Rostow's and Wallerstein's theories about economic development/population focus on the economic system. the demographic transition model uses demographic data to classify countries, however doesn't adequately account for the shrinking population in some developed countries
- 38ageing populationpopulation of people 60-65 and over is increasing
<30% = 0-14 yrs
>6% = 65% - 39implications of an ageing population- impacts all sectors of society
- labour and financial markets, demand for goods and services e.g. housing, transport and social protection, family structures, inter-generation ties
- not as many people in economically active age group to support elderly group
- retirement age will increase
- tax increase - 40key global trends- globally the aged population (65+) is growing faster than any other age group
- by 2050, 1 in 6 people in the world will be 65+, up from 1 in 11 in 2019 (9%)
- by 2050, 1 in 4 people living in Europe and Northern America could be aged 65+ - 41dependency ratiothe number of dependents in a population divided by the number of working age people
- those under 15 or over 65 - 42what does a high dependency ratio lead to?the higher the ratio. the greater the economic burden carried by working aged people
--> cost of aged care in Aus double to $40 billion by 2050
--> great burden on tax paying group in Aus
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- Year 12 Geography Flashcards on Geography, created by Isla Jenkins on 02/08/2020.
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- Isla Jenkins
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